Displacement of a single NW following a localized poling process. The numbering in the bottom left of the images indicates the capture sequence. Vertical PFM images (raw data) (a) before poling, (b) after up-poling, and (c) after down-poling; green and pink dashed squares depict up- and down-poled areas, respectively. Dashed yellow lines show original NW location; topography of the NW during: (d) up- and (e) down-poling, whereby NW vanishes from the scanning frame. (f) Vertical PFM cross sections obtained from the NW in (b) and (c) (green and pink). Arrows indicate poled regions on the NW: black arrows for up-poled regions, notably switching contrast and pink arrows for down-poled regions.