Nonlinear rheology of Pickering emulsions is used to further investigate the nonlinear and unrecoverable transformation of inner structures, which is beyond the linear viscoelastic regime of tiny structural disturbances. Exploring various rheological methods plays a vital role in emulsion applications, such as simulating the macroscopic structural transformation between static and liquidlike flow states, strain overshoot, and regeneration for broken structures. According to our previous studies, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) Pickering emulsions are a typical system for investigating polymer-based emulsions with the auxiliary surfactant [didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB)] for enhancing CNF absorption. To further study different rheological properties by varying CNF or DDAB contents, multiple interval thixotropic test, large amplitude oscillatory shear, and concentration-time-dependent superposition are employed to study the linear viscoelasticity and structural transformation of nonlinear range. This research was conducted based on the previous published works [Cui et al., Materials 15, 8285 (2022)] as a further characterization for the same sample series.
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See the supplementary material online for the electronic supplementary information contains a detailed description of the miTT-protocol (Fig. SI1). Furthermore, Fig. SI2 shows the raw strain sweep data (all intervals) of all samples. Figure SI3 shows the representative
of all CNF emulsions and dependence on CNF- and DDAB-contents, respectively. Figure SI4 shows the strain sweeps plotted as a function of shear stress and the phenomenon of a maximum in stress at the onset of the nonlinear regime. Figure SI5 shows viscous Lissajous curves of CNF 2.5%–DDAB x% emulsion. The Chebyshev stress and the derived quantities
,
,
, and
are explained, and Fig. SI6 shows these quantities plotted vs
. Figures SI7 and SI8 show the shifted concentration-dependent dependent master-curve for all CNF emulsions. Figure SI9 show the raw MITT data of all samples. Figure SI10 shows the unnormalized G′-values dependence on the shear rate of previous SUF protocols derived from the miTT-tests. Figure SI11 plots the Hysteresis areas of evaluated G′-values as a function of CNF and DDAB-content, and Fig. SI12 shows optical microscopic images of the emulsions with 500× magnification.
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