The rapid development of applied nuclear physics during the past decade has focused the attention of many people on radiation and radioactive materials. The fact that both are common constituents of our environment was realized by scientists working in the field soon after the discovery of radioactivity a half century ago. Many other scientists and the general public realize only vaguely or not at all that they are continually exposed to penetrating radiation of natural origin and that radioactive materials are found in small amounts in almost all substances including air, soil, building materials, and the human body.

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