When metals are cooled, they often undergo a phase transition to a state exhibiting a new type of order. Metals such as iron and nickel become ferromagnetic below temperatures of several hundred degrees Celsius; electron spins order to produce a net magnetization in zero field. Other metals, such as lead and aluminum, become superconductors at cryogenic temperatures; electrons form Cooper pairs of opposite spin and momentum, leading to electrical conduction with zero resistance and to expulsion of magnetic fields.
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