Until the twentieth century, principles of symmetry played little explicit role in theoretical physics. Conservation laws, especially those of energy and momentum, were considered to be of fundamental importance. But these were regarded as consequences of the dynamical laws of nature, rather than as consequences of the symmetries that underlay these laws. Maxwell's equations, formulated in 1865, embodied both Lorentz invariance and gauge invariance. But these symmetries of electrodynamics were not fully appreciated for 40 years or more.
REFERENCES
1.
E. P. Wigner, Gruppentheorie und ihre Anwendung auf die Quantenmechanik der Atomspektren, F. Vieweg und sohn Braunschweig (1931).
English translation by J. J. Griffin, Academic, New York (1959).
2.
E. U. Condon, G. H. Shortley, The Theory of Atomic Spectra, Cambridge U.P., Cambridge, UK (1935).
3.
4.
E. P. Winger, Symmetries and Reflections: Scientific Essays of Eugene P. Wigner, Indiana U.P., Bloommgton, Ind. (1967), p. 22.
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© 1995 American Institute of Physics.
1995
American Institute of Physics
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