Interest in the physics of condensed matter at size scales larger than that of atoms but smaller than that of bulk solids—so‐called mesoscopic physics—has grown rapidly over the past two decades, but it stems from much earlier beginnings in diverse disciplines. Indeed, nanostructured matter apparently had its genesis with the Big Bang. The structures of the earliest meteorites suggest that matter formed by the condensation of atoms into nanoscale clusters that then aggregated into larger masses under the action of gravity. Many examples of natural nanostructures can be found as well in biological systems from seashells to the human body.
REFERENCES
1.
R. P. Feynman, Engineering and Science, February 1960, p. 22
2.
3.
4.
A. N.
Goldstein
, C. M.
Echer
, A. P.
Alivisatos
, Science
256
, 1425
(1992
).5.
L. L.
Chang
, L.
Esaki
, W. E.
Howard
, R.
Ludeke
, J. Vac. Sci. Technol.
10
, 11
(1973
).R.
Dingle
, W.
Wiegmann
, C. H.
Henry
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
33
, 827
(1974
).L. M.
Falicov
, D. T.
Pierce
, S. D.
Bader
, R.
Gronsky
, K. B.
Hathaway
, H. J.
Hopster
, D. N.
Lambeth
, S. S. P.
Parkin
, G.
Prinz
, M.
Salamon
, I. K.
Schuller
, R. H.
Victora
, J. Mater. Res.
5
, 1299
(1990
).6.
R. P.
Messmer
, S. K.
Knudson
, K. H.
Johnson
, J. B.
Diamond
, C. Y.
Yang
, Phys. Rev. B
13
, 1396
(1976
).7.
R. P.
Andres
, R. S.
Averback
, W. L.
Brown
, L. E.
Brus
, W. A.
Goddard
III, A.
Kaldor
, S. G.
Louie
, M.
Moskovits
, P. S.
Peercy
, S. J.
Riley
, R. W.
Siegel
, F.
Spaepen
, Y.
Wang
, J. Mater. Res.
4
, 704
(1989
).B. H. Kear, L. E. Cross, J. E. Keem, R. W. Siegel, F. Spaepen, K. C. Taylor, E. L. Thomas, K.‐N. Tu, Research Opportunities for Materials with Ultrafine Microstructures, vol. NMAB‐454, Natl. Acad. P., Washington, D.C. (1989).
P. Jena, S. N. Khanna, B. K. Rao, eds., Physics and Chemistry of Finite Systems: From Clusters to Crystals, Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands (1992).
8.
H. Gleiter, in Deformation of Polycrystals: Mechanisms and Microstructures, N. Hansen, A. Horsewell, T. Leffers, H. Lilholt, eds., Riso/ Natl. Lab., Roskilde, Denmark (1981), p. 15.
R.
Birringer
, H.
Gleiter
, H.‐P.
Klein
, P.
Marquardt
, Phys. Lett. A
102
, 365
(1984
).9.
R. W. Siegel, H. Hahn, in Current Trends in the Physics of Materials, M. Yussouff, ed., World Scientific, Singapore (1987), p. 403.
R. W.
Siegel
, S.
Ramasamy
, H.
Hahn
, Z.
Li
, T.
Lu
, R.
Gronsky
, J. Mater. Res.
3
, 1367
(1988
).10.
M. S.
Dresselhaus
, G.
Dresselhaus
, P. C.
Eklund
, J. Mater. Res.
8
, 2054
(1993
).11.
12.
T. D.
Klots
, B. J.
Winter
, E. K.
Parks
, S. J.
Riley
, J. Chem. Phys.
92
, 2110
(1990
);T. D.
Klots
, B. J.
Winter
, E. K.
Parks
, S. J.
Riley
, 95
, 8919
(1991
).13.
M. L.
Steigerwald
, A. P.
Alivisatos
, J. M.
Gibson
, T. D.
Harris
, R.
Kortan
, A. J.
Muller
, A. M.
Thayer
, T. M.
Duncan
, D. C.
Douglass
, L. E.
Brus
, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
110
, 3046
(1988
).M. L.
Steigerwald
, L. E.
Brus
, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci.
19
, 471
(1989
).A. P.
Alivisatos
, T. D.
Harris
, P. J.
Carrol
, M. L.
Steigerwald
, L. E.
Brus
, J. Chem. Phys.
90
, 3463
(1989
).14.
G. W.
Nieman
, J. R.
Weertman
, R. W.
Siegel
, Scripta Metall.
23
, 2013
(1989
);G. W.
Nieman
, J. R.
Weertman
, R. W.
Siegel
, Scripta Metall. Mater.
24
, 145
(1990
);G. W.
Nieman
, J. R.
Weertman
, R. W.
Siegel
, J. Mater. Res.
6
, 1012
(1991
).15.
M. J.
Mayo
, R. W.
Siegel
, A.
Narayanasamy
, W. D.
Nix
, J. Mater. Res.
5
, 1073
(1990
).M. J.
Mayo
, R. W.
Siegel
, Y. X.
Liao
, W. D.
Nix
, J. Mater. Res.
7
, 973
(1992
).16.
M. N.
Baibach
, J. M.
Broto
, A.
Fert
, F.
Nguyen Van Dau
, F.
Petroff
, P.
Etienne
, G.
Creuzet
, A.
Friederich
, J.
Chazelas
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
61
, 2472
(1988
).17.
A. E.
Berkowitz
, J. R.
Mitchell
, M. J.
Carey
, A. P.
Young
, S.
Zhang
, F. E.
Spada
, F. T.
Parker
, A.
Hutten
, G.
Thomas
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
68
, 3745
(1992
).J. Q.
Xiao
, J. S.
Jiang
, C. L.
Chien
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
68
, 3749
(1992
).T. L.
Hylton
, K. R.
Coffey
, M. A.
Parker
, J. K.
Howard
, Science
261
, 1021
(1993
).
This content is only available via PDF.
© 1993 American Institute of Physics.
1993
American Institute of Physics
You do not currently have access to this content.