Scientists in industrialized England commanded public respect, even veneration. Their widely publicized discoveries promised to elucidate the mysteries of nature, to harness natural forces for human purposes, to increase productivity in fields and factories and to improve the odds in the struggle against disease. The scientific method itself was celebrated as the surest means of attaining truth.

1.
Both letters are quoted in R. J. Strutt (fourth Baron Rayleigh), Life of John William Strutt, Third Baron Rayleigh, O.M. F.R.S. [1924],
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2.
J. J. Thomson, Recollections and Reflections, G. Bell, London (1936), p. 158.
3.
Barrett Papers, box 2, A2, no. 19, 26 December 1881, Archives of the Society for Psychical Research, London.
4.
B.
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A. Schuster, Biographical Fragments, Macmillan, London (19321, p. 215;
P. G.
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7.
W. Crookes, Q. J. Sci., July 1871, reprinted in M. R. Barrington, K. M. Goldney, R. G. Medhurst, eds., Crookes and the Spirit World, Souvenir, London (1972), p. 22.
8.
W.
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10.
See T. H. Hall, The Spiritualists: The Story of Florence Cook and William Crookes, Helix, New York (1963).
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C.
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26
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1965
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12.
Lodge Collection, box 2, no. 357, 5 July 1909, Archives of the Society for Psychical Research, London.
13.
Three letters between Crookes and Lodge, in Lodge Collection, box 2, nos. 363‐5, December 1916, Archives of the Society for Psychical Research, London.
14.
W. B. Carpenter, Nineteenth Century 1, 256 (April 1877).
15.
Quoted in E. E. Fournier D'Albe, The Life of Sir William Crookes. O.M., F.R.S., T. Fisher Unwin, London (1923), p. 284.
Also see
R. K.
DeKosky
,
Isis
67
,
36
(March
1976
).
16.
Quoted in E. E. Fournier D'Albe, The Life of Sir William Crookes, O.M., F.R.S., T. Fisher Unwin. London (1923), p. 290.
17.
O. J. Lodge, Raymond, or Life and Death, Methuen, London (1916).
18.
O. J.
Lodge
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Proc. Soc. Psychical Res.
2
,
190
(
1884
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19.
F. W. H.
Myers
,
O. J.
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,
W.
Leaf
,
W.
James
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,
446
,
648
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1889–90
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20.
I.
Tuckett
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Bedrock
1
,
204
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1912
).
21.
O. Lodge, Continuity. The Presidential Address to the British Association for 1913, Putnam, New York (1914), pp. 21, 29.
22.
O. Lodge, Reason and Belief, Methuen, London (1910), p. 47.
23.
J. J. Thomson, On the Light Thrown by Recent Investigations on Electricity on the Relation Between Matter and Ether. The Adamson Lecture Delivered at the University on November 4. 1907, Manchester U.P., Manchester (1908), p. 5.
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