In the industrialized world, we are seldom more than a few meters from a crystal of silicon. One crystal may be strapped to our wrist, in an electronic watch; others may be buried within a nearby calculator, video recorder or auto ignition system—indeed, one may even be lurking in the quartz movement of a new “antique” clock. These crystals are extraordinarily perfect: No more than than one atom in is out of a proper lattice site, and the total impurity concentration may be less than 0.1 parts per billion. Yet a microprocessor or a megabit memory can be fabricated in a crystal of silicon costing only 15–20 cents
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© 1986 American Institute of Physics.
1986
American Institute of Physics
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