In the last 15 years there has been a tremendous growth in the field of surface science, all largely made possible by the development and application of various surface spectroscopies. In this article we hope to provide a picture of a few of the principal surface spectroscopic methods and how they are applied to answer important questions in surface science. In particular, we hope to provide the reader with a perspective of the unique considerations and technical problems associated with applying spectroscopic methods to surfaces. While the particular examples we discuss are the results of colleagues and coworkers at the Thomas J. Watson IBM laboratories, we believe they are representative of the types of surface studies and spectroscopies performed in the field in general.

Topics
Surface science, Surface spectroscopy, Laboratories
1.
For general information on surface science see: G. Ertl, J. Kueppers Low Energy Electrons and Surface Chemistry Verlag Chemie, Weinheim FRG (1974);
M. W. Roberts, C. S. McKee, Physics of the Gas‐Surface Interface, Oxford U.P. (1978);
T. N. Rhodin, G. Ertl The Nature of the Surface Chemical Bond, North Holland, New York (1979).
2.
For general information on surface spectroscopy see: Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis: Topics in Current Physics, 4, H. Ibach, ed., Springer Verlag, Berlin (1977).
For UPS see:
F. J.
 
Himpsel
,
Adv. Phys.
 
32
,
1
(
1983
);
Crossref
Search ADS
 
E. W.
 
Plummer
,
W.
 
Eberhardt
, in
Adv. Chem. Phys.
 
49
,
533
(
1982
).
For XPS see: K. Siegbahn, ESCA Applied to Free Molecules Elsevier, New York (1971).
For XPS and AES see: T. A. Carlson, Photoelectron and Auger Spectroscopy Plenum, New York (1975).
For AES see: C. C. Chang in Characterization of Solid Surfaces, R. F. Kane, G. B. Larrabee, eds., Plenum, New York (1974).
For EELS see: H. Ibach, D. L. Mills, Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy and Surface Vibrations, Academic, New York (1982).
3.
J. F.
 
van der Veen
,
F. J.
 
Himpsel
,
D. E.
 
Eastman
,
Phys. Rev.
 
B25
,
7388
(
1982
);
R. A. Pollak, F. J. Himpsel, G. Hollander, to be published in Phys. Rev. B.
4.
F. J.
Himpsel
,
P.
Heimann
,
D. E.
Eastman
,
Phys. Rev.
B24
,
2003
(
1981
).
5.
K. C.
 
Pandey
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
 
47
,
1913
(
1981
);
Crossref
Search ADS
 
K. C.
Pandey
,
49
,
223
(
1982
).,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
6.
P. S.
Ho
,
P. E.
Schmid
,
H.
Föll
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
46
,
782
(
1981
).
Crossref
Search ADS
 
7.
P. S. Ho, G. W. Rubloff, J. E. Lewis, V. L. Moruzzi, A. R. Willliams 22, 4784 (1980).
8.
F. M.
Hoffman
,
Surf. Sci. Rep.
3
,
109
(
1983
).
Crossref
Search ADS
 
9.
J. E.
Demuth
,
A. J.
Schell‐Sorokin
,
Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc.
28
,
537
(
1983
).
10.
H.
Ibach
,
H. D.
Bruchmann
,
H.
Wagner
,
Appl. Phys.
A29
,
113
(
1982
).
11.
D.
Schmeisser
,
J. E.
Demuth
,
P.
Avouris
,
Phys. Rev.
B26
,
4857
(
1982
).
12.
P. D.
Johnson
,
D. P.
Woodruff
,
H. H.
Farrell
,
N. V.
Smith
,
M. M.
Traum
,
Surf. Sci.
129
,
366
(
1983
).
Crossref
Search ADS
 
13.
J. F.
Morar
,
R. L.
Park
,
J. Vac. Sci. Technol.
A1
,
1043
(
1983
).
14.
P. A.
Lee
,
P. H.
Citron
,
P.
Eisenberg
,
B. M.
Kincaid
,
Rev. Mod. Phys.
,
53
,
769
(
1981
).
Crossref
Search ADS
 
15.
R. S.
Becker
,
J. A.
Golovchenko
,
J. R.
Patel
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
50
,
153
(
1983
).
Crossref
Search ADS
 
16.
V.
Dose
,
Prog. Surf. Sci.
13
,
225
(
1983
).
Crossref
Search ADS
 
17.
A. J.
Campion
,
J. K.
Brown
,
V. M.
Grizzle
,
Surf. Sci.
115
,
L153
(
1982
).
Crossref
Search ADS
 
18.
T. F.
Heinz
,
H. W. K.
Tom
,
Y. R.
Ghen
,
Laser Focus
19
,
101
(
1983
).
This content is only available via PDF.
© 1983 American Institute of Physics.
1983
American Institute of Physics
You do not currently have access to this content.