As electronic systems—and especially computers—are used more and more widely in almost all areas of endeavor and daily life, the semiconductor technology on which they are based is being pushed to ever larger‐scale integration and ever greater miniaturization. As the devices get smaller, and smaller, new problems (and maybe new opportunities) appear.1

1.
See, for example, the papers of K. Hess, D. K. Ferry and J. R. Barker in Physics of Nonlinear Transport in Semiconductors, D. K. Ferry, J. R. Barker and C. Jacoboni, eds., Plenum, New York (1980).
2.
M. L.
Cohen
,
T. K.
Bergstresser
,
Phys. Rev.
141
,
789
(
1966
).
3.
E. M. Conwell, High Field Transport in Semiconductors, Academic, New York (1967).
4.
See K. Hess, in reference 1.
5.
S. M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Wiley, New York (1969).
6.
This effect was first proposed by
John
Bardeen
and
J. R.
Schrieffer
(
Phys. Rev.
97
,
641
(
1955
))
for MOS transistors and later investigated in detail by
F.
Stern
,
Phys. Rev. B
5
,
4891
(
1972
).
7.
L. Esaki, R. Tsu, IBM Research Report No. RC‐2418, 1969.
See also PHYSICS TODAY April 1979, page 20;
R.
Dingle
,
H. L.
Stormer
,
A. C.
Gossard
,
W.
Wiegmann
,
Appl. Phys. Lett.
3
,
665
(
1978
).
8.
K.
Hess
,
Appl. Phys. Lett.
35
,
484
(
1979
);
K.
Hess
,
P.
Vogl
,
Solid State Commun.
30
,
807
(
1979
).
9.
K.
Hess
,
H.
Morkoç
,
H.
Shichijo
,
B. G.
Streetman
,
Appl. Phys. Lett.
35
,
469
(
1979
).
10.
T.
Ning
,
Solid‐State Electron.
21
,
273
(
1978
).
11.
See the papers of D. K. Ferry and J. R. Barker, in reference 1.
12.
R. M.
Kolbas
,
N.
Holonyak
Jr.
,
R. D.
Dupuis
,
P. D.
Dapkus
,
Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz.
4
,
69
(
1978
),
(
R. M.
Kolbas
,
N.
Holonyak
Jr.
,
R. D.
Dupuis
,
P. D.
Dapkus
,
Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.
4
, (
1978
).
13.
N.
Holonyak
Jr.
,
R. M.
Kolbas
,
R. D.
Dupuis
,
P. D.
Dapkus
,
IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
QE‐16
,
170
(
1980
).
14.
PHYSICS TODAY, April 1979, page 20.
15.
N.
Holonyak
Jr.
,
R. M.
Kolbas
,
E. A.
Rezek
,
R.
Chin
,
R. D.
Dupuis
,
P. D.
Dapkus
,
J. Appl. Phys.
49
,
5392
(
1978
).
16.
R. M.
Kolbas
,
N.
Holonyak
Jr.
,
B. A.
Vojak
,
K.
Hess
,
M.
Altarelli
,
R. D.
Dupuis
,
P. D.
Dapkus
,
Solid State Commun.
31
,
1033
(
1979
).
17.
N.
Holonyak
Jr.
,
R. M.
Kolbas
,
W. D.
Laidig
,
B. A.
Vojak
,
K.
Hess
,
R. D.
Dupuis
,
P. D.
Dapkus
,
J. Appl. Phys.
51
,
1328
(
1980
).
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.