At the 1968 conference on controlled fusion in Novosibirsk a group from Kurchatov, USSR, led by L. A. Artsimovitch, presented convincing evidence that one conceptually simple method for confining plasmas in a ring showed great promise for future developments. The name for their early machine, the tokamak, has now become the generic name for all such devices. The Russian successes led to a rapid expansion of research with tokamaks, so that while in 1968 there were only nine of them, all in the USSR, there are now more than a hundred; they are in the USSR, the US, Europe, Japan, and elsewhere.
REFERENCES
1.
General discussions of tokamaks can be found in:
L. A.
Artsimovitch
, Nucl. Fusion
12
, 215
(1972
);R. F. Post, PHYSICS TODAY, April 1973, page 30;
B. B. Kadomtsev, T. K. Fowler, PHYSICS TODAY, November 1975, page 36;
S. O. Dean, et al., Status and Objectives of Tokamak Systems for Fusion Research, US Atomic Energy Commission, WASH‐1295 (1974).
2.
Data from several tokamak experiments were reported in Innsbruck, Austria, August 1978, and will be published in Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research (Proc. 7th int. conf.), IAEA, Vienna.
3.
S.
von Goeler
, W.
Stodiek
, N.
Sauthoff
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
33
, 1201
(1974
).4.
G. Bateman, MHD Instabilities, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1978).
5.
M.
Murakami
, J. D.
Callen
, L. A.
Berty
, Nucl. Fusion
16
, 347
(1976
).6.
For a review of the neoclassical theory, see
F. L.
Hinton
, R. D.
Hazeltine
, Revs. Mod. Phys.
48
, 239
(1976
).7.
Trapped particle instabilities are reviewed in
B. B.
Kadomtsev
, O. P.
Pogutse
, Nucl. Fusion
11
, 67
(1971
);8.
9.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research (Proc. 6th Int. Conf., Berchtesgaden) IAEA, Vienna (1977).
10.
These “Alcator” scalings were proposed by
R. A.
Parker
, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.
20
, 1392
(1975
).11.
K. Bol et al., Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion (Proc. 5th Int. Conf., Tokyo) IAEA, Vienna (1975), vol I, p. 77;
L. A. Berry et al., ref. 9, vol. I, p. 49;
TFR Equipe, ref. 9, vol I, p. 69;
J. W. M. Paul et al., Controlled Fusion and Plasma Physics (Proc. 8th Europ. Conf., Prague) IAEA, Vienna (1977), vol II, p. 49;
V. S. Vlasenkov et al., ref. 9, vol I, p. 85.
12.
J. Kim et al., Second Topical Meeting on Technology of Controlled Fusion, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia (1976), p. 1213.
13.
H. Eubank et al., in ref. 2.
14.
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© 1979 American Institute of Physics.
1979
American Institute of Physics
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