The validation of laser welding of metallic materials is challenging due to its highly dynamic processes and limited accessibility to the weld. The measurement of process emissions and the processing laser beam are one way to record highly dynamic process phenomena. However, these recordings always take place via the surface of the weld. Phenomena on the inside are only implicitly recognizable in the data and require further processing. To increase the validity of the diagnostic process, the multispectral emission data are synchronized with synchrotron data consisting of in situ high-speed images based on phase contrast videography. The welding process is transilluminated by synchrotron radiation and recorded during execution, providing clear contrasts between solid, liquid, and gaseous material phases. Thus, dynamics of the vapor capillary and the formation of defects such as pores can be recorded with high spatial and temporal resolution of <5 μm and >5 kHz. In this paper, laser welding of copper Cu-ETP and CuSn6 is investigated at the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY). The synchronization is achieved by leveraging a three-stage deep learning approach. A preprocessing Mask-R-CNN, dimensionality reduction PCA/Autoencoders, and a final LSTM/Transformer stage provide end-to-end defect detection capabilities. Integrated gradients allow for the extraction of correlations between defects and emission data. The novel approach of correlating image and sensor data increases the informative value of the sensor data. It aims to characterize welds based on the sensor data not only according to IO/NIO but also to provide a quantitative description of the defects in the weld.
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August 2024
Research Article|
August 26 2024
Analyzing multispectral emission and synchrotron data to evaluate the quality of laser welds on copper
Jan Brüggenjürgen
;
Jan Brüggenjürgen
a)
(Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)
1
Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT
, Steinbachstraße 15, Aachen 52074, Germany
2
Chair for Laser Technology LLT, RWTH Aachen University
, Steinbachstraße 15, Aachen 52074, Germany
a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; electronic mail: jan.brueggenjuergen@ilt.fraunhofer.de
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Christoph Spurk
;
Christoph Spurk
(Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision)
2
Chair for Laser Technology LLT, RWTH Aachen University
, Steinbachstraße 15, Aachen 52074, Germany
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Marc Hummel
;
Marc Hummel
(Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision)
2
Chair for Laser Technology LLT, RWTH Aachen University
, Steinbachstraße 15, Aachen 52074, Germany
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Christoph Franz;
Christoph Franz
(Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Resources)
3
4D Photonics GmbH
, Burgwedeler Str. 27a, Isernhagen 30916, Germany
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Andrè Häusler
;
Andrè Häusler
(Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Supervision)
1
Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT
, Steinbachstraße 15, Aachen 52074, Germany
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Alexander Olowinsky
;
Alexander Olowinsky
(Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Supervision)
1
Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT
, Steinbachstraße 15, Aachen 52074, Germany
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Felix Beckmann
;
Felix Beckmann
(Resources, Supervision)
4
Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon
, Max-Planck-Str.1, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
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Julian Moosmann
Julian Moosmann
(Resources, Supervision)
4
Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon
, Max-Planck-Str.1, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
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a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; electronic mail: jan.brueggenjuergen@ilt.fraunhofer.de
J. Laser Appl. 36, 032032 (2024)
Article history
Received:
July 01 2024
Accepted:
August 07 2024
Citation
Jan Brüggenjürgen, Christoph Spurk, Marc Hummel, Christoph Franz, Andrè Häusler, Alexander Olowinsky, Felix Beckmann, Julian Moosmann; Analyzing multispectral emission and synchrotron data to evaluate the quality of laser welds on copper. J. Laser Appl. 1 August 2024; 36 (3): 032032. https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0001600
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