During laser welding, residual stresses are thermally induced. They can have strong impact on the fatigue behavior and fatigue life. A standardized measurement method for the fatigue crack growth rate was expanded to identify residual stress along the cracking path. The second derivative of the measured crack opening and in turn the crack acceleration corresponded well with distinct acceleration maxima and minima and accordingly with tensile and compressive stress, as was basically proven by numerical simulation. The method is simple and extendable. It provides valuable information, as was demonstrated for various situations.
References
1.
ASTM E 739-10
“ Standard practice for statistical analysis of linear or linearized stress-life (S-N) and strain-life (ε-N) fatigue data
,” 2010
.2.
A.
Hobbacher
, IIW Recommendations for Fatigue Design of Welded Joints and Components
(Abington Publ.
, Great Abington, Cambridge UK
, 2008
).3.
M. M.
Alam
, “ Laser welding and cladding: The effects of defects on fatigue behavior
,” Ph.D. thesis (Luleå University of Technology
, Sweden
, 2012
).4.
J.
Sundqvist
, I.
Eriksson
, A. F. H.
Kaplan
, M.
Keskitalo
, K.
Mäntyjärvi
, J.
Granström
, and K-G.
Sundin
, “ Measuring the influence of laser welding on fatigue crack propagation in high strength steel
,” in Proceedings of 32nd ICALEO
(LIA
, Miami, FL
, 2013
), pp. 647
–654
.5.
L. W.
Tsay
, C. S.
Chung
, and C.
Chen
, “ Fatigue crack propagation of D6AC laser welds
,” Int. J. Fatigue
19
, 25
–31
(1997
).6.
ISO 12108:2012
“ Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Fatigue crack growth
,” 2012
.7.
M. B.
Prime
, “ Residual stress measurement by successive extension of a slot: The crack compliance method
,” Appl. Mech. Rev.
52
, 75
–96
(1999
).8.
G.
Biallas
, “ Effect of welding residual stresses on fatigue crack growth thresholds
,” Int. J. Fatigue
50
, 10
–17
(2013
).9.
N.
Pugno
, M.
Ciavarella
, P.
Cornetti
, and A.
Carpinteri
, “ A generalized Paris' law for fatigue crack growth
,” J. Mech. Phys. Solids
54
, 1333
–1349
(2006
).10.
T. L.
Anderson
, Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications
, 3rd ed. (Taylor & Francis
, Boca Raton, FL
, 2005
).11.
M.
Beghini
, L.
Bertini
, and E.
Vitale
, “ Fatigue crack growth in residual stress fields: Experimental results and modelling
,” Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct.
17
, 1433
–1444
(1994
).12.
L. W.
Tsay
, M. C.
Young
, F. Y.
Chou
, and R. K.
Shiue
, “ The effect of residual thermal stresses on the fatigue crack growth of laser-annealed 304 stainless steels
,” Mater. Chem. Phys.
88
, 348
–352
(2004
).13.
G. S.
Schajer
, “ Advances in hole-drilling residual stress measurements
,” Exp. Mech.
50
, 159
–168
(2010
).14.
ASTM E 837-08
“ Standard test method for determining residual stresses by the hole-drilling strain-gage method
,” 2008
.15.
P. J.
Withers
, “ Mapping residual and internal stress in materials by neutron diffraction
,” C. R. Phys.
8
, 806
–820
(2007
).16.
P. J.
Webster
, L.
Djapic Oosterkamp
, P. A.
Browne
, D. J.
Hughes
, W. P.
Kang
, P. J.
Withers
, and G. B. M.
Vaughan
, “ Synchotron x-ray residual strain scanning of a friction stir weld
,” J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des.
36
, 61
–70
(2001
).17.
C.
Carmignani
, R.
Mares
, and G.
Toselli
, “ Transient finite element analysis of deep penetration laser welding process in a singlepass butt-welded thick steel plate
,” Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng.
179
, 197
–214
(1999
).18.
X. B.
Ren
, O. M.
Akselsen
, S. K.
Ås
, and A. F. H.
Kaplan
, “ Residual stresses of hybrid laser-arc welding for arctic application
,” in Proceedings of 14th NOLAMP
(LTU
, Sweden
, 2013
), pp. 183
–192
.19.
G. V.
Guinea
, J. Y.
Pastor
, J.
Planas
, and M.
Elices
, “ Stress intensity factor, compliance and CMOD for a general three-point-bend beam
,” Int. J. Fracture
89
, 103
–116
(1998
).20.
Vishay Measurements Group
, “ Measurement of residual stresses by the hole drilling strain gage method
” Vishay Measurements Group Technical Note TN-503, Raleigh, NC, 1993
.21.
P.
Ferro
, A.
Zambon
, and F.
Bonollo
, “ Investigation of electron-beam welding in wrought Inconel 706—Experimental and numerical analysis
,” Mater. Sci. Eng., A
392
, 94
–105
(2005
).22.
Q.
Yan
, H.
Chen
, J.
Chen
, and X.
Xue
, “ Study on joint residual stress induced by laser beam welding of high strength automobile thin sheet
,” Adv. Mater. Res.
97–101
, 3916
–3919
(2010
).23.
A.
Zambon
, P.
Ferro
, and F.
Bonollo
, “ Microstructural, compositional and residual stress evaluation of laser welded superaustenitic AISI 904L stainless steel
,” Mater. Sci. Eng., A
424
, 117
–127
(2006
).24.
E.
Assuncao
, S.
Ganguly
, D.
Yapp
, S.
Williams
, and A.
Paradowska
, “ Characterisation of residual stress state in laser welded low carbon mild steel plates produced in keyhole and conduction mode
,” Sci. Technol. Weld. Joining
16
, 239
–243
(2011
).© 2015 Laser Institute of America.
2015
Laser Institute of America
You do not currently have access to this content.
