For more than three decades, the technique of “audience scanning” has been routinely used at laser light shows outside of the United States. Visible beams from continuous-wave lasers are projected towards viewers, to put them inside cones, fans and other moving light shapes set to music. Most commonly, irradiance levels have not been measured by operators; instead they have been set by eye to look “OK”. Since MPE-level irradiance at the audience is somewhat dim, most shows have exceeded the MPE. Estimated irradiance levels range from 5-10 times the MPE, to 100 times or more.

Despite this, there have been remarkably few proven or even claimed reports of injuries from deliberate audience scanning. A number of possible reasons are presented, including the greater distance to the audience (e.g., wider beam), the use of moving beams, and viewers who actively take action to reduce exposure. Finally, a compromise proposal is presented for regulators and venue operators, in order to allow audience scanning at measured, reasonable irradiance levels, in return for banning truly unsafe or unknown levels.

1.
Murphy
,
P.
Is Deliberate Audience Scanning Unsafe?
Proceedings of the 1997 International Laser Safety Conference
, Vol.
3
, pp.
493
502
.
2.
Levinson
,
M.S.
Amusement Ride-Related Injuries and Deaths in the United States:
2005
Update, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Ten-year injury estimates calculated using Table A1, p.
13
, taking the average number of injuries per year for the eight listed years, and extrapolating to a ten-year period. Death estimates based on “an average of 4.4 estimated fatalities per year”, p. 7.
3.
Rockwell Laser Industries database. Available online at www.rli.com/resources/accident.aspx.
4.
July 5 2008 Russian Incident, International Laser Display Association webpage available online at www.laserist.org/2008-07_Russian-incident.htm. There are numerous other online sources with accounts of this incident. A video news report from a Russian TV station, with footage of the incident, clearly shows the dotted lines characteristic of scanning with a pulsed laser. The video is at http://news.ntv.ru/136097.
5.
Timofeyev
,
A.
,
Presentation at the 2009 ILDA Conference
,
Sept. 9 2008
. A summary is online at www.laserist.org/c2008-report.htm; scroll down to “ILDA Safety Workshop.” Dr. Timofeyev is with Orion-Art Production International in Moscow.
6.
Makhov
,
G.
&
Benner
,
W.R.
A Safety System for Audience Scanning Displays
.
Presentation at the 2009 ILDA Conference
,
Sept. 9 2008
. The PowerPoint slides are available from Makhov in PDF format.
7.
Ibid. Quotes are from Makhov’s PowerPoint slides.
8.
O’Hagan
,
J.
Laser Roundtable Panel: Audience Scanning and Safety, conducted by ILDA
. Available at www.laserist.org/laserist2008/roundtable.htm.
9.
Baby Boomer Sports Injuries,
2000
. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, p.
2
10.
Laser Show Safety – Basic Principles
, ILDA. Available online at www.laserist.org/safety-basics.htm.
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