Nd:YAG laser welding and laser gas tungsten arc (GTA) hybrid welding of the lean duplex stainless steel LDX 2101® (EN 1.4162, UNS S32101) were performed with and without filler wire and nitrogen additions to the shielding gas. The high energy density associated with laser welding of duplex stainless steels can affect the mechanical strength and corrosion resistance negatively. The high solidification rates and cooling rates characteristic of laser welding may cause ferritization and chromium nitride precipitation. However, due to the balanced composition of LDX 2101, the austenite reformation in the weld metal and the heat affected zone (HAZ) was satisfactory as confirmed by tensile test results, corrosion performance in terms of critical pitting temperature (CPT) and hardness measurements. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was conducted on simulated HAZs to study the effect of cooling rate on precipitate formation. Furthermore, Laser-GTA hybrid welding of the galvanized carbon steel Dogal® DP 600 onto LDX 2101 in lap joints was successful without porosity or liquid metal embrittlement (LME), and with sufficient tensile strength.

Topics
Lasers, Transition metals, Chemical elements, Chemical compounds, Corrosion, Liquid metals, Materials properties, Transmission electron microscopy, Welding
1.
Liljas
,
M.
 (
1994
)
The welding metallurgy of duplex stainless steels
, in
Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Duplex Stainless Steels
,
Glasgow, Scotland
,
15
pp.
Google Scholar
 
2.
Gooch
,
T.G.
 (
1984
)
Welding and weldability of stainless steel
, in
Proceedings of Stainless Steels’84
,
Gothenburg, Sweden
,
343
–
352
.
Google Scholar
 
3.
Sridhar
,
N.
,
Flasche
,
L.H.
 &
Kolts
,
J.
 (
1984
)
Effect of welding parameters on localized corrosion of a duplex stainless steel
,
Mater. Perform.
23
,
52
–
55
.
Google Scholar
 
4.
Hertzman
,
S.
,
Ferreira
,
P.J.
 &
Brolund
,
B.
 (
1997
)
An experimental and theoretical study of heat-affected zone austenite reformation in three duplex stainless steels
,
Metall. Mater. Trans. A
28A
,
277
–
285
.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-997-0130-6
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
5.
Nilsson
,
J.-O.
,
Wilson
,
B.
,
Josefsson
,
B.
 &
Thorvaldsson
,
T.
 (
1992
)
Relationship between pitting corrosion, toughness and microstructure for isothermally heat treated super duplex stainless steel
, in
Proceedings of Applications of Stainless Steel ’92
, Stockholm, Sweden,
280
–
289
.
Google Scholar
 
6.
Lee
,
K.M.
,
Cho
,
H.S.
 &
Choi
,
D.C.
 (
1999
)
Effect of isothermal treatment of SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel on migration of delta/gamma interface boundary and growth of austenite
,
J. Alloys Comp.
285
,
156
–
161
.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(99)00014-6
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
7.
El Koussy
,
M. R.
,
El Mahallawi
,
I.S.
,
Khalifa
,
W.
,
Al Dawood
,
M.M.
 &
Bueckins
,
M.
 (
2004
)
Effects of thermal aging on microstructure and mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel weldments
,
Mater. Sci. Techn.
20
,
375
–
381
.
https://doi.org/10.1179/174328413X13789824293821
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
8.
McPherson
,
N.A.
,
Samson
,
H.
,
Baker
,
T.N.
 &
Suarez-Fernandez
,
N.
 (
2003
)
Steel microstructures in autogenous laser welds
,
J. Laser Appl.
15
,
200
–
210
.
https://doi.org/10.2351/1.1619997
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
9.
Hsieh
,
R.-I.
,
Liou
,
H.-Y.
 &
Pan
,
Y.-T.
 (
1999
)
Weldability of 22% Cr duplex stainless steels
,
China Steel Technical Report
13
,
14
–
26
.
Google Scholar
 
10.
Gooch
,
T.G.
 &
Ginn
,
B.J.
 (
1997
)
Properties of resistance and laser welds in UNS S32304 duplex stainless steel
, in
Proceedings of Duplex Stainless Steels’97
,
Maastricht, The Netherlands
,
311
–
319
.
Google Scholar
 
11.
Omura
,
T.
,
Kushida
,
T.
 &
Kumizo
,
Y.
 (
2000
)
Microstructural features and corrosion properties in laser welded duplex stainless steels
,
Welding Int.
14
,
257
–
260
.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09507110009549176
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
12.
Jargelius-Pettersson
,
R.F.A.
,
Hertzman
,
S.
,
Szakalos
,
P.
 &
Ferreira
,
P.J.
 (
1994
)
The influence of microstructure on pitting corrosion in autogenous TIG duplex stainless steel welds
, in
Proceedings of Duplex Stainless Steels ’94
,
Glasgow, Scotland
,
12
pp.
Google Scholar
 
13.
Ericsson
,
C.
,
Johansson
,
P.
,
Liljas
,
M.
 &
Westin
,
E.M.
 (
2003
)
Mechanical properties of welds in the new lean duplex stainless steel LDX 2101
(EN 1.4162, UNS S32101), in
Proceedings of Stainless Steel World 2003
, Maastricht, The Netherlands,
423
–
431
.
Google Scholar
 
14.
Gemmel
,
J.
 (
2006
)
Crash properties of welded LDX 2101 space frames
, Diploma Work, MMK 2006:37 MME 783, KTH, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
Google Scholar
 
15.
Ratte
,
E.
,
Leonhardt
,
S.
,
Bleck
,
W.
,
Franzen
,
M.
 &
Urban
,
P.
 (
2006
)
Energy absorption behaviour of austenitic and duplex stainless steels in a crash box geometry
,
Steel Research Int.
77
,
692
–
697
.
https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.200606449
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
16.
Bonnefois
,
B.
,
Soulignac
,
P.
 &
Charles
,
J.
 (
1991
)
Some aspects of nitrogen introduction in duplex weld pool
, in
Proceedings of Duplex Stainless Steel ’91
,
Beaune, France
,
469
–
478
.
Google Scholar
 
17.
Vilpas
,
M.
 &
Hänninen
,
H.
 (
1999
)
The role of nitrogen in improving pitting corrosion resistance of high-alloyed austenitic and duplex stainless steel welds
,
Materi. Sci. Forum
318-320
,
603
–
608
.
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.318-320.603
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
18.
Mundt
,
R.
 &
Hoffmeister
,
H.
 (
1984
)
Effect of chemical composition and weld thermal cycles on phase transformation and microstructures of ferritic-austenitic steels
,
Proceedings of Stainless Steels ’84
,
Gothenburg, Sweden
,
315
–
322
.
Google Scholar
 
19.
Ogawa
,
T.
 &
Koseki
,
T.
 (
1989
)
Effect of composition profiles on metallurgy and corrosion behaviour of duplex stainless steel weld metals
,
Weld. J.
68
,
181
–
191
.
Google Scholar
 
20.
Sato
,
Y.
,
Dong
,
W.
,
Kokawa
,
H.
 &
Kuwana
,
T.
 (
2000
)
Nitrogen absorption by iron and stainless steels during YAG laser welding
,
ISIJ Int.
40
,
20
–
24
.
https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.40.Suppl_S20
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
21.
Dong
,
W.
,
Kokawa
,
H.
,
Sato
,
Y.S.
 &
Tsukamoto
,
S.
 (
2003
)
Nitrogen absorption by iron and stainless steels during CO sub 2 laser welding
,
Metall. Trans. B
34B
,
75
–
82
.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-003-0057-2
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
22.
Midebjörk
,
P.
 &
Nilsson
,
S.
 (
2004
)
Laser welding of a new duplex steel
, Project Work, Luleå University of Technology. (In Swedish)
Google Scholar
 
23.
Westin
,
E.M.
 (
2008
)
Corrosion resistance of welded lean duplex stainless steel
, in preparation.
Google Scholar
 
24.
Baughn
,
K.
,
Ahmed
,
N.
,
Jarvis
,
L.
 &
Viano
,
D.
 (
2003
)
Tailoring the phase balance during laser and GTA keyhole welding of SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel
, in
Proceedings of 6th International Conference: Trends in Welding Research
;
Pine Mountain, GA; USA
;
11
–
16
.
Google Scholar
 
25.
Borggreen
,
K.
,
Kristensen
,
J.K.
,
Hansen
,
L.E.
,
Kocak
,
M.
 &
Dos Santos
,
J.F.
 (
1999
)
Laser welding of heavy section duplex stainless steel grade 2205
, in
Proceedings of Stainless Steel World ’99
,
The Hague, The Netherlands
,
267
–
274
.
Google Scholar
 
26.
Wu
,
H.C.
,
Tsay
,
L.W.
 &
Chen
,
C.
 (
2004
)
Laser beam welding of 2205 duplex stainless steel with metal powder additions
,
ISIJ Int.
44
,
1720
–
1726
.
https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.44.1720
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
27.
Steffens
,
H.-D.
,
Wilden
,
J.
 &
Honekamp
,
E.
 (
1997
)
Corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of laser beam welded duplex stainless steel
, in
Proceedings of JOM-8; The International Conference on the Joining of Materials
;
Helsingor; Denmark
,
600
–
605
.
Google Scholar
 
28.
Capello
,
E.
,
Castelnuovo
,
M.
,
Previtali
,
B.
 &
Vedani
,
M.
 (
2005
)
Diode laser heat treatment of welded duplex stainless steels
,
Welding in the World
49
,
235
–
248
.
Google Scholar
 
29.
Qvarfort
,
R.
 (
1988
)
New electrochemical cell for pitting corrosion testing
,
Corros. Sci.
28
,
135
–
140
.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-938X(88)90090-X
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
30.
Qvarfort
,
R.
 (
1989
)
Critical pitting temperature measurements of stainless steels with an improved electrochemical method
,
Corros. Sci.
29
,
987
–
993
.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-938X(89)90088-7
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
31.
Chen
,
T.H.
 &
Yang
,
J.R.
 (
2002
)
Microstructural characterization of simulated heat affected zone in a nitrogen-containing 2205 duplex stainless steel
,
Mat. Sci. Eng. A
338
,
166
–
181
.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00065-5
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
32.
Hertzman
,
S.
,
Roberts
,
W.
 &
Lindenmo
,
M.
 (
1986
)
Microstructure and properties of nitrogen alloyed stainless steel after welding treatments
, in
Proceedings of Duplex Stainless Steels ´86
,
The Hague, The Netherlands
,
257
–
263
.
Google Scholar
 
33.
Sridhar
,
N.
 &
Kolts
,
J.
 (
1987
)
Effect of nitrogen on the selective dissolution of a duplex stainless steel
,
Corrosion
43
,
646
–
651
.
https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3583843
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
34.
Tsuge
,
H.
,
Tarutani
,
Y.
 &
Kudo
,
T.
 (
1988
)
The effect of nitrogen on localised corrosion resistance of duplex stainless simulated weldments
,
Corrosion
44
,
305
–
314
.
https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3583942
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
35.
Matsunaga
,
H.
,
Sato
,
Y.S.
,
Kokawa
,
H.
 &
Kuwana
,
T.
 (
1998
)
Effect of nitrogen on corrosion of duplex stainless steel weld metal
,
Sci. Technol. Weld. Joi.
3
225
–
232
.
https://doi.org/10.1179/stw.1998.3.5.225
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
36.
Hertzman
,
S.
 &
Symniotis
,
E.
 (
1991
)
Influence of nitrogen content and welding procedure on microstructure and pitting resistance of 22Cr duplex stainless steel
, in
Proceedings of International Conference on Stainless Steels
, Chiba, ISIJ,
1085
–
1092
.
Google Scholar
 
37.
Tamaki
,
K.
,
Yasuda
,
K.
 &
Kimura
,
M.
 (
1989
)
Corrosion performance of girth-weld joints of duplex stainless steels
,
Corrosion
45
,
764
–
770
.
https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3585032
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
38.
Hoffmeister
,
H.
 &
Lothongkum
,
G.
 (
1994
)
Quantitative effects of nitrogen contents and cooling cycles on d-g transformation, chromium nitride precipitation and pitting corrosion after weld simulation of duplex stainless steels
, in
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Duplex Stainless Steels
,
Glasgow, Scotland
,
12
pp.
Google Scholar
 
39.
Liao
,
J.
 (
2001
)
Nitride precipitation in weld HAZs of a duplex stainless steel
,
ISIJ Int.
41
,
460
–
467
.
https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.41.460
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
40.
Rahoi
,
D.W.
,
Liljas
,
M.
,
Qvarfort
,
R.
,
Davison
,
R.M.
 &
Gemmel
,
G.
 (
1987
)
Improved weldments for alloy 2205
, in
Proceedings of Corrosion 87
,
NACE, Houston, Texas
,
17
pp.
Google Scholar
 
41.
Miura
,
M.
,
Koso
,
M.
,
Kudo
,
T.
 &
Tsuge
,
H.
 (
1989
)
The effects of nickel and nitrogen on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel weldments
,
Weld. Int.
7
,
200
–
206
.
Google Scholar
 
42.
Joseph
,
B.
,
Picat
,
M.
 &
Barbier
,
F.
 (
1999
)
Liquid metal embrittlement: A state-of-the-art appraisal
,
Eur. Phys. J. AP
5
,
19
–
31
.
https://doi.org/10.1051/epjap:1999108
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
43.
Nicholas
,
M.G.
 &
Old
,
C.F.
 (
1079
)
Review liquid metal embrittlement
,
J. Materi. Sci.
14
,
1
–
18
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01028323
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
44.
Nippes
,
E.F.
 &
Ball
,
D.J.
 (
1982
)
Copper-contamination cracking: Cracking mechanism and crack inhibitors
,
Weld. J.
61
,
75s
–
81s
.
Google Scholar
 
45.
Pohle
,
C.
,
Wilken
,
K.
 &
Schuster
,
J.
 (
1996
)
Testing the sensitivity to liquid metal embrittlement during welding of structural steels and austenitic chromium-nickel steels with galvanized surface
,
Welding & Cutting
9
, 684-689 and
E176
–
177
.
Google Scholar
 
46.
Bruscato
,
R.M.
 (
1992
)
Liquid metal embrittlement of austenitic stainless steel when welded to galvanized steel
,
Weld. J.
71
,
455s
–
459s
.
Google Scholar
 
47.
Savage
,
W.F.
,
Nippes
,
E.F.
 &
Mushala
,
M.C.
 (
1978
)
Liquid metal embrittlement of the heat-affected zone by copper contamination
,
Weld. J.
57
,
237s
–
245s
.
Google Scholar
 
48.
Andersson
,
J.
,
Tolf
,
E.
,
Jarfors
,
A.
,
de Try
,
A.
 &
Hedegård
,
J.
 (
2007
)
A Study on welding performance with laser-MIG/MAG welding for aluminium, stainless steel, coated boron steel and mixed materials
, KIMAB, Stockholm, Report 2007-503.
Google Scholar
 
This content is only available via PDF.
© 2007 Laser Institute of America.
2007
Laser Institute of America
You do not currently have access to this content.