This paper reports a new surface coating technique that employs combined powder and wire feeding laser cladding in a single process to deposit dissimilar materials to form a graded coating. Using H13 tool steel as a substrate, copper powder and nickel wire as feeding stocks and a 1.5 kW Diode laser, the feasibility of the technique is demonstrated and the material distribution in the clad is investigated. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and optical microscopy were used to analyse the deposited clad in terms of elemental composition, microstructure and flow characteristics in the melt pool. It was found that by varying the feed rates of copper powder and nickel wire, varying degrees of graded material could be obtained in a single step.
REFERENCES
1.
Zhao
, Q.
& Liu
, Y.
(2004
) Investigation of graded Ni-Cu-P-PTFE composite coatings with antiscaling properties
, Applied Surface Science
229
(1-4
), 56
–62
.2.
Choy
, K. L.
(2003
) Chemical vapour deposition of coatings
, Progress in Materials Science
48
(2
), 57
–170
.3.
Banovic
, S.W.
, Barmak
, K.
, & Marder
, A.R.
(1999
) Characterization of single and discretely-stepped electro-composite coatings of nickel-alumina
, Journal of Materials Science
34
(13
), 3203
–3211
.4.
Li
, J.F.
, Li
, L.
, & Stott
, F.H.
(2004
) Multi-layered surface coatings of refractory ceramics prepared by combined laser and flame spraying
, Surface & Coatings Technology
180-181
, 500
–505
.5.
Xie
, L.
, Ma
, X.
, Jordan
, E.H.
, Padture
, N.P.
, Xiao
, D.T.
& Gell
, M.
(2004
) Deposition of thermal barrier coatings using the solution precursor plasma spray process
, Journal of Materials Science
39
(5
), 1639
–1646
.6.
Pinkerton
, A.J.
, Syed
, W.U.H.
& and Li
, L.
(2004
) Diode laser deposition of microstructurally graded components using gas-and water-atomised powder
”, in Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro-Optics 2004
, San Franscisco California USA
.7.
Yakovlev
, A.
, Trunova
, E.
, Grevey
, D.
, Pilloz
, M.
, & Smurov
, I.
(2005
) Laser-assisted direct manufacturing of functionally graded 3D objects
, Surface & Coatings Technology
190
(1
), 15
–24
.8.
Yakovlev
, A.
, Bertrand
, P.
& and Smurov
, I.
(2004
) Development of 3D functionally graded models by laser-assisted coaxial powder injection
, in Proceedings of the Laser-Assisted Micro-and Nanotechnologies
, St. Petersburg, Russia
, 220
–227
.9.
Yakovlev
, A.
, Bertrand
, P.
& Smurov
, I.
(2004
) Wear-resistant coatings with engineered structure by laser cladding
in Proceedings of Smart Surfaces in Tribology: Advanced Additives and Structured Surfaces Conference
, Zurich, Switzerland
.10.
Pei
, Y.T.
& De Hosson
, J.T.M.
(2000
) Functionally graded materials produced by laser cladding
, Acta Materialia
48
, 2617
–2624
.11.
12.
Calvo
, F.A.
, Urena
, A.
, Gomez de Salazar
, J.M.
& Molleda
, F.
(1988
) Solid-state transformations during diffusion bonding of copper to iron
, Journal of Materials Science
23
, 1231
–1236
.13.
Tosto
, S.
, Nenci
, F.
, Jiandong
, H.
, Corniani
, G.
& Pierdominici
, F.
(2003
) Microstructure of copper-AISI type 304L electron beam welded alloy
”, Materials Science and Technology
19
(4
), 519
–522
.14.
Hargreaves
, M.E.
(1951
) Modulated structures in some copper-nickel-iron alloys
, Acta Crystallographica
4
, 310
–309
.15.
Staudinger
, A.
(1980
) An investigation of novel methods of preparing dense, homogeneous, spinodally decomposable copper-nickel-iron alloys
, Journal of Materials Science
15
(2
), 497
–504
.16.
Syed
, W.U.H.
, Pinkerton
, A.J.
& Li
, L.
(2005
) A comparative study of wire feeding and powder feeding in direct diode laser deposition for rapid prototyping
, Journal of Applied Surface Science
247
, 268
–276
.17.
Syed
, W.U.H.
, Pinkerton
, A.J.
& Li
, L.
(2005
) Simultaneous wire-and powder-feed direct metal deposition: An investigation of the process characteristics and comparision with single-feed methods
, Journal of Laser Applications Accepted for publications.
18.
Syed
, W.U.H.
, & Li
, L.
(2005
) Effects of wire feeding direction and location in multiple layer diode laser direct metal deposition
, Journal of Applied Surface Science
248
, 518
–524
.19.
Salminen
A.S.
, & Kujanpaa
, V.P.
(2003
) Effect of wire feed position on laser welding with filler wire
, Journal of Laser Applications
15
(1
), 2
–10
.20.
Takeda
, T.
, Steen
, W.M.
& West
, D.R.F.
(1984
) Laser cladding with mixed powder feed
, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro-optics (ICALEO
), Boston, MA, USA
, 151
–158
.21.
Mazumder
, J.
, Chen
, M.M.
, Chan
C.L.
, Zehr
, R.
& Voelkel
, D.
(1990
) Bath convection in laser melting
, in Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Laser Treatment of Materials
, Erlangen, Germany
, 37
–53
.22.
Peng
, X.F.
, Lin
, X.P.
, Lee
, D.J.
, Yan
, Y.
& Wang
, B.X.
(2001
) Effects of initial molten pool and marangoni flow on solid melting
, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
44
(2
), 457
–470
.23.
Heiple
, C.R.
& Roper
, J.R.
(1981
) Effects of selenium on GTAW fusion zone geometry
, Welding Journal
60
(8
), 143s
–145s
.24.
Heiple
, C.R.
, Roper
, J.R.
, Stagner
, R.T.
& Aden
, R.J.
(1983
) Surface active elements effects on the shape of GTA, laser, and electron beam welds
, Welding Journal
62
(3
), 72s
– 77s
.25.
Babu
, V.
, Korpela
, S.A.
& Ramanan
, N.
(1990
) Flow and temperature fields in a weld pool formed by a moving laser
, Journal of Applied Physics
67
(9
), 3990
–3998
.26.
Reed-Hill
, R.E.
& Abbaschian
, R.
(1992
) Physical metallurgy principles
, International Thomson Publishing
, 926pp
.27.
Chuang
, Y.Y.
, R.
Schmid
, R. & Y. A.
Chang
, Y.A. (1985
) Calculation of the equilibrium phase diagrams and the spinodally decomposed structures of the Fe-Cu-Ni system
, Acta Metallurgica
33
(8
), 1369
–1380
.28.
Servant
, C.
, Guymont
, M.
& Lyon
, O.
(2001
) A new phase in the ternary system Cu-Fe-Ni
, Scripta Materialia
45
(1
), 103
–108
.
This content is only available via PDF.
© 2005 Laser Institute of America.
2005
Laser Institute of America
You do not currently have access to this content.