FIG. 5.14 (a) Multi-frame averaged STEM image of silicon measured with [110] zone axis and histogram of inter-atomic distance along the (b) x and (c) y direction ( Yankovich et al., 2014 ). The scale bar in (a) is 400 pm. The error bars in (b) and (c) are the square root of the frequency, the curves are the best-fit normal distributions, and σ represents the standard deviations. Reproduced with permission from Yankovich et al., Nat. Commun. 5 , 4155 (2014). Copyright 2014 Springer Nature. More about this image found in (a) Multi-frame averaged STEM image of silicon measured with [110] zone axi...

FIG. 8.2 Several studies conducted on student learning have been aimed at establishing how students acquire a quantum view of phenomena using phenomenographic methods (top left) or quantum-classic index (top right). In both types of research, different types of questions are used, sometimes also u... More about this image found in Several studies conducted on student learning have been aimed at establishi...

FIG. 6.4 The standard RGB values of the transmittance spectra (left) and the inverse transmittance spectra (right) at various concentrations of particles in a 1D box suspended throughout the atmosphere. More about this image found in The standard RGB values of the transmittance spectra (left) and the inverse...

FIG. 2.3 Results of the path analysis part of SEM models 1–4 show how the relationship between gender and physics identity is mediated through self-efficacy, interest, and perceived recognition (P.R.). (a) In model 1, there are only covariances between each pair of constructs: self-efficacy, P.R., and interest. (b) In model 2, self-efficacy predicts interest and P.R., and interest predicts P.R. (c) In model 3, interest predicts self-efficacy and P.R., and self-efficacy predicts P.R. (d) In model 4, P.R. predicts interest and self-efficacy, and self-efficacy predicts interest. The dashed lines represent residual covariances between constructs. The solid lines represent regression paths, and the numbers on the lines are standardized regression coefficients (β values), which represent the strength of the regression relations. Each regression line thickness qualitatively corresponds to the magnitude of the β value. Regression coefficients with p < 0.050 are indicated by superscript ***, p < 0.010 are indicated by superscript **, and p ≤ 0.001 are indicated by no superscript. For clarity, we have removed the statistically insignificant regression paths from gender to identity or gender to P.R. and self-efficacy in models 2 and 3. More about this image found in Results of the path analysis part of SEM models 1–4 show how the relationsh...