..., the microcanonical ensemble, and states in the Einstein solid. On the first ungraded quiz, completed by students after the lecture instruction but before a tutorial on counting states, tasks focused on probability using the common system of coin flips. While students had in principle encountered the binomial...

... Publishing , 1956 ). Fewster , P. F. , “ Reciprocal space mapping ,” Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci.   22 ( 2 ), 69 – 110 ( 1997 ). 10.1080/10408439708241259 Gilman , J. J. , Electronic Basis of the Strength of Materials ( Cambridge University Press , 2003 ). Herman , M...

..., Massachusetts 02155, USA Kenneth Heller School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA Patricia Heller Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA Natasha G. Holmes Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics...

... ,” Physica B   301 , 295 – 298 ( 2001 ). 10.1016/S0921-4526(01)00258-7 Al-Douri , Y. , Feng , Y. P. , and Huan , A. C. H. , “ Optical investigations using ultra-soft pseudopotential calculations of Si0.5Ge0.5 alloy ,” Solid State Commun.   148 , 521 – 524 ( 2008 ). 10.1016/j.ssc...

... and light signals. They are introduced to states of matter. They also learn to measure with non-standard and standardized units, time, length, volume to a certain degree, weight and temperature. Many of these objectives are cross-curricular and are taught along with biology, chemistry, and mathematics...

... to describe physical state or properties of crystalline solids. Tensors are often described as generalizations of scalars, vectors, and matrices. A tensor of rank r contains 3^r components in a three-dimensional Euclidean space. The components are represented using an indicial...

..., and/or logical arguments regarding relevant factors (e.g., economic, societal, environmental, ethical considerations)” (NGSS Lead States, p. 63). Although SSI in science education literature has traditionally been more closely associated with chemistry, biology, and environmental studies than with physics, here...

... electric circuits, solid state physics, quantum mechanics, or (especially at high school level) chemistry. In an example of research relevant to the behavior of materials in electrostatics, de Posada (1997) researched conceptions commonly held by 15- to 18-year-old secondary school students about...

... conceptualize the state of matter called liquid. It is common for students to experience difficulties in understanding solids, liquids, and gases. Direct experience relating to sensation leads children to a naïve view of matter ( Kind, 2004 ). In order to make sense of the states of matter and transitions...

... pseudopotential calculations of Si0.5Ge0.5 alloy ,” Solid State Commun.   148 , 521 – 524 ( 2008 ). 10.1016/j.ssc.2008.09.055 Al-Douri , Y. , Hashim , U. , Khenata , R. , Reshak , A. H. , Ameri , M. , Bouhemadou , A. , Rahim Ruslinda , A. , and Md Arshad , M. K. , “ Ab...

... Bordet , P. , Chaillout , C. , Marezio , M. , Huang , Q. , Santoro , A. , Cheong , S. W.   et al. , “ Structural aspects of the crystallographic-magnetic transition in LaVO₃ around 140 K ,” J. Solid State Commun.   106 , 253 – 270 ( 1993 ). 10.1006/jssc.1993.1285...

... , K. , Namgung , S. D. , Kim , H. , and Kwon , J. Y. , “ Multi-layer MoS2 FET with small hysteresis by using atomic layer deposition Al₂O₃ as gate insulator ,” ECS Solid State Lett.   3 , Q67 ( 2014 ). 10.1149/2.0111409ssl Everhart , C. L. M...

... usage in the following examples: The standard model of particle physics, Bohr's atomic model, the particle model for explaining the solid, liquid, or gaseous state, the model of the ideal gas, or the fluid-flow model of electricity. ¹⁸ A careful review of the model-debate in the context...

... al., 2019 ), solid desiccant adsorption ( Tagliabue et al., 2009 ; Jiang et al., 2019 ; and Santos et al., 2021 ), condensation ( Kinigoma and Ani, 2016 ), membrane separation ( Bernardo et al., 2009 ; and Du et al., 2015 ) and supersonic...