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... pushes back with force on a book placed upon it) can be projected analogically to target situations in which learners would not activate a useful intuition (e.g., a table is not intuitively seen as pushing back with force on a book place upon it). Brown and Clement (1989) have argued...

... and easily manageable notation makes working with such tools much easier can be seen with the Leibniz notation of the integral. Also in recent cases, the development of a fruitful notation proved to be the key for the further progress, e.g., the Dirac notation in quantum physics or the Feynman diagrams...

...., revolutions), then progress is seen through the cloudy lens of a smooth transition from theory to theory, ² corresponding to the view that the growth of knowledge is sequential, straightforward and cumulative: the dynamism, the debates and mistaken concepts and theories are lost to instruction...

... is provided. Figure 3.2 shows a representative timeline for the estimation of parameters for PV systems, the design of PV supply chains, and the integration of PV systems in existing grids and other systems. As can be seen, the estimation of parameters is the area with the oldest works and even now...

... structure of the PTS can be seen in Fig. 5.1 (1), which uses a trough-type paraboloid. Its heat collection technology is also known as the linear paraboloid concentrator plus vacuum collector. Because the system structure is simpler than that of other heat collectors, it has been used earlier. Luz...

... result, i.e., that the displacement is +4 m relative to the train observer. The research base, as well as our own work, has identified a major conceptual knot—preferred-frame reasoning—that can impede students’ ability to understand and apply the principle of relativity. As we have seen, this reasoning...

... water, power consumption and power generation of each unit, membrane area, and CO₂ sequestration amount in the three scenarios. As can be seen from Table 2.3 , due to the different composition requirements of the recycled gas in the three scenarios, that is, its H₂ composition...

..., characteristics that make them, in most cases, experimental procedures for educational purposes, more than sufficient (as seen in Fig. 3.1 ) ( Kuhn and Vogt, 2012b ; Myo et al., 2018 ; Kaps and Stallmach, 2020b ; and Nuryantini et al., 2020 ). FIG. 3.1 Experimental uses of acceleration...

..., the global energy demands are constantly rising with year's variations, which can be seen in Fig. 4.1 . The increase in primary energy in 2021 is about 31.1 EJ, with China expanding by 10.0 EJ. And primary energy use in 2021 was 1.3% above 2019 levels. However, according to the energy structure of the world...

.... The closed-loop simulation results are presented in Fig. 10.4 . From the results, it can be seen that the designed controller was able to drive both temperature and concentration to their desired set-points. Since the DNNs performed well in updating the models with respect to feedback from the process...

... is a commonly used schematic of an activity system showing the six interacting components described above. The vertices in the diagram are labeled in the context of a physics course. As can be seen, the original “Vygotskian triangle” is situated within a larger system that includes Rules, Community and Division...

.... For decades, we have seen the growing presence of environmental issues inside the political environment. If those issues were “flags” of the so-called “green parties,” today they have become a topic that can define elections, demanding positions from any party. However, given the costs and economic impacts...

... emitted in random directions decreases as 1/r² Energy level in an atom Wave length of an electron in an atom Value of the action of a macrosystem with respect to h in explaining why quantum effects are not seen in macrosystems Fletcher (1997) QMIT 1 N = QMIT 2 level...

... and learning in science, in general, is a phenomenon of the last century. International interest in this field can be seen from the 1970s onward. The research output on content and context-dependent teaching and learning (content research) varies between content areas of physics and target groups of learners...

...). In parallel, a radical evolution in data collection emerged and classroom observation became increasingly important. These two major developments in educational research can be seen as the first step towards the analysis of teaching practices that began to develop around 2000. However, in the field of science...

... an identified priority for physics majors by the Phys 21 report ( Joint Task Force on Undergraduate Physics Programs, 2016 ), and biological physics provides a natural context in which to develop that skill. Related to the idea of authenticity is the idea of “explanatory coherence,” in which physics is seen...