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(a) Micromachined interferometric accelerometer showing the two optical beams, one from the diffraction grating and second from the mirror, which will interfere at the photodetector. (b) SiN nanobeam pair acting as “zipper” photonic crystal optomechanical cavity for accelerometry (Krause et al., 2012). (c) Microdisk coupled to cantilever acting as a force sensor (Doolin et al., 2014). The cantilever can deflect in both out-of-plane and in-plane mechanical modes. This results in the modulation of the disk's optical resonance frequency and is read out optically using a coupled fiber. (d) Split beam nano-cavity torque sensor (Wu et al., 2014) showing the three degrees of freedom. One is out-of-plane rotation of the suspended mirror about the torsion beam, the second is in-plane bending about the torsion beam, and the third is out-of-plane bending of the cantilever mirror.
Published: March 2023
FIG. 7.18 (a) Micromachined interferometric accelerometer showing the two optical beams, one from the diffraction grating and second from the mirror, which will interfere at the photodetector. (b) SiN nanobeam pair acting as “zipper” photonic crystal optomechanical cavity for accelerometry More about this image found in (a) Micromachined interferometric accelerometer showing the two optical bea...
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Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477_003
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
... required a blended course (e.g., “Thermal and Statistical Physics” or “Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics’) and 14 required Thermal Physics. Thermodynamics is a core topic included in introductory textbooks; most standard texts include chapters on the ideal gas law and the first and second laws...
Book Chapter

Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
... ). 10.1080/03057267.2011.604476 Fortus , D. and Krajcik , J. , Second International Handbook of Science Education , edited by B. J.   Fraser   et al. ( Springer Netherlands , 2012 ), pp. 783 – 798 , see http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/978-1-4020-9041-7 Laws , P. W...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477_010
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
... informs equation selection and implementation, and has developed instruction for scaffolding this initial conceptual analysis in students' problem solving. A second thread focuses on physics problem solving as part of the practice of learning and making sense of physics. In contrast...
Book Chapter

Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425514_015
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2551-4
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2548-4
..., the goal is to find out the alignment level and extension of these elements. A review of this type of existing articles will be presented in a later section. The second way would be to consider the physics textbooks as an independent variable, posing two general research questions: This type of research...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425712_015
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
... (mainly lower-second level) experienced all three components in their initial teacher education. Most teachers also reported holding at least one higher education degree (50% completed a bachelor's degree or equivalent, and 44% achieved a master's degree or equivalent). However, in some countries...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477_021
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
... of a consistent meaning of energy as a single quantifiable and measurable concept may restrict its use as a crosscutting concept that connects different scientific contexts ( Lehavi and Eylon, 2018 ). Our second case study is the concept of energy. As mentioned above, crosscutting concepts (CCCs) are expected...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425712_007
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
... of periodicity. The first phase of the study focuses on Greek textbooks' practices in presenting the conceptual domains of periodicity, while the second phase sheds light on teachers' emphasis and practices while teaching such concepts. Particularly, it is investigated how scientific and pedagogical practices...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425712_013
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
... of children [maximum 14 children per group in the first age group (0–3 years) and 24 in the second (3–6 years)]. Children can be enrolled from the age of 11 months and the focus in the first years (0–3 years) is on socialization, communication, play, and general learning about themselves, society...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477_005
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
..., magnetism, and special relativity. Second, it is not always possible to separate research on the understanding of the subject matter from the research method or the way the learning took place. For this reason, we have included a brief description of the research methods or instruments used in all papers...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477_007
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
... imagine you stand and observe the moon for just a few seconds—you do not perceive movement. But if you walk across the meadow while tracking the moon, you might say “it is following me.” When pointing to the moon, your outstretched arm maintains a constant orientation relative to your body...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425590_001
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2559-0
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2556-9
... our definitions of stress and strain to describe infinitesimal, multi-axial deformation of a three-dimensional continuum body, we find them to be symmetric, second-rank tensors with six independent components. See Malgrange et al. (2014) , Sadd (2009) , Nye et al. (1985...
Book Chapter

Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425514_027
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2551-4
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2548-4
... ). A few years later, Eric Rogers, in a footnote in his 1969 Oersted response paper, describes an experiment with his students. He found that students could not explain the meaning of Newton's Second Law even though they were quite good at calculations using the Second Law ( Rogers, 1969 ). Several...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_009
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
... to minimize the parameter estimation bias resulting from the time correlation between the known and unknown inputs. The first approach uses an estimate-then-predict approach to the predict unknown disturbances. The second adopts a direct prediction approach of the unknown disturbances during training...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425712_005
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
... environment ( Deterding et al., 2011 ; and Monterrat et al., 2017 ). The second category of extreme importance is the game design elements and mechanics. Time constraints and cooperative and competitive play have many researchers as opposing results on their impact on students have...
Book Chapter

Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425712_008
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
... all aspects of students' learning physics either in one course or throughout several courses (i.e., it cannot be just a “lecture” component, or a “lab component”); second, the educational approach and the physical setting need to be consistent and supportive of the intentionalities, which need...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425712_010
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
... environments so that the examples can also be followed more easily. Thus, the first column labeled Activity Theory Dimension represents the vertices depicted in Fig. 10.1 . The second column indicates the corresponding question that needs to be considered from a general Activity Systems perspective. The third...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477_002
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
... fields, and vector differential and integral calculus to interpret flow physics through conservation laws; using Newton's second law to the analysis of fluids at rest and in movement; applying mass, momentum, and energy conservation to steady flows; interpreting and applying laminar and turbulent flow...