FIG. 1.1 A typical pictorial question used in questionnaires. This theme is modified to include a specific point on the string (like in this picture) or with a change of the medium in the middle. More about this image found in A typical pictorial question used in questionnaires. This theme is modified...

FIG. 7.1 The diagram presented to students as part of the spaceships question. More about this image found in The diagram presented to students as part of the spaceships question.

FIG. 7.2 The context for the explosion question. The diagram illustrates how the array of porthole observers can be used to measure the distance between the locations at which the explosions occur. During the interviews, students were not shown this diagram—instead, the interviews were used to exp... More about this image found in The context for the explosion question. The diagram illustrates how the arr...

FIG. 7.3 (a) Diagram illustrating the eruptions question, showing the relative positions of a spacecraft and two volcanoes (Mt. Rainier and Mt. Hood) at the times that Event 1 (Rainier erupts) and Event 2 (Hood erupts) present in the spacecraft frame. (Note that this diagram was not presented to students as part of the question.) (b) Implicit version of the eruptions question. (c) Explicit version of the eruptions question. (d) Nonrelativistic version of the eruptions question. More about this image found in (a) Diagram illustrating the eruptions question, showing the relative posit...

FIG. 16.3 All Brandon matrix categories in a combined examination question about electromagnetic spectrum. More about this image found in All Brandon matrix categories in a combined examination question about elec...

FIG. 5.4 Example of question and players' response. More about this image found in Example of question and players' response.

FIG. 16.1 Brandon's matrix category of manipulative hypothesis testing and examination questions about the electromagnetic spectrum. More about this image found in Brandon's matrix category of manipulative hypothesis testing and examinatio...

FIG. 16.2 Brandon's matrix category of non-manipulative parameter measurement and examination questions about the electromagnetic spectrum. More about this image found in Brandon's matrix category of non-manipulative parameter measurement and exa...

FIG. 8.2 Several studies conducted on student learning have been aimed at establishing how students acquire a quantum view of phenomena using phenomenographic methods (top left) or quantum-classic index (top right). In both types of research, different types of questions are used, sometimes also u... More about this image found in Several studies conducted on student learning have been aimed at establishi...

FIG. 1.2 An example of a pictorial representation from Wittmann et al. (1999) . Questions typically ask students to draw the shape of the rope at a specific time. This time is typically set to when the bases of the pulses overlap or when they have already passed each other. Variations of this picture represent one of the pulses higher or inverted. More about this image found in An example of a pictorial representation from Wittmann et al....