..., or to find physical theories such as General Relativity. However, to prove the worth of these formalisms or theories, fixed parameters (numbers) and concrete predictions with high precision were also needed to show that the given mathematical structure has physical meaning. ² Therefore...

... ( x m , ε ) ∂ x l . In the above expression, if ε = 0 is substituted, we obtain [ E w ] ε = 0 = E f ; that is, when the ε is zero, the energy of the wavy interface is the same as that of the flat interface. Thus, Eq. ( 8.3 ) is proved...

... and oppression that other studies mask, and curricula that show conceptual gains may prove to be too bitter an affective pill when we examine a more full picture of students' experiences. In order for the centering of affect to link directly to equity and justice-oriented projects, physics education researchers...

...) . c Ghosh et al. (1984) . * Ravindra et al. (1979) Expt. Herve and Vandamme (1995) have proved that their formula to calculate n is a very suitable for the conversion of photons for photovoltaics because of its parameter of reflectivity. Also, it is observed...

... are encouraged to figure things out for themselves rather than rely on an expert to provide the solution.” The authors focus on strategies, most of which rely on the cognitive conflict method, since their effectiveness was proved by a wealth of research in physics education ( McDermott, 2001 and Laws et al...

... ). Moreover, if students already have experience using these programming languages, giving them a platform to refine their skills in these languages while empowering their intuition in physics subjects, like fluid dynamics, may prove beneficial. For this reason, many scientists who care about education have...

... have become relevant over the last few decades in science teaching proposals, as so-called educational interventions must prove that they are effective in the classroom context ( Testa et al., 2020 ). In relation to the generalization of the design research, it is one thing to demonstrate...

.... (1986) with commercial silicon solar cells as well as the solar module Photowatt-PW P 201. Therefore, it can be observed that commercial data can be combined and proved with the reported data in the literature. Some of the data used by Xiong et al. (2018) were photo-generated current...

..., physics is distinguished from metaphysics by committing to consistently producing falsifiable statements; that is, some empirical evidence may contradict it. The more falsifiable, the more scientific a physics theory should be considered. Although we can never prove them, the fact that we can discard...

... resemblance; see also Erduran and Dagher (2014) . This approach is much broader than the consensus view, and (according to Lederman) it encompasses the aspects identified in the consensus lists ( Priemer and Lederman, 2021 , p. 130). It also proved to be instructive to investigate what scientists themselves...

... representational tool or not. Given their strong influence on student thinking, research to better understand the specific influence of representational use in energy learning could prove a substantial benefit to the field. The forms-based approach to teaching energy presents energy as a measure manifesting itself...

... and sustainability issues. Another gap in PTEL is the relationship between the disciplines of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), and the discipline of Art. Perhaps a more holistic approach in STEM may prove helpful, and the inclusion of aspects of artistic endeavor may help physics students...

... as a range of technologies that may prove useful in obtaining more field and test data describing the reliability of PV systems. Stember (1981) further used the FMEA and FTA to analyze a simple stand-alone PV system. An FTA-based Datsan reliability analysis method for large-scale grid-connected PV systems...

... like static 2D images and Web Graphics Library in terms of fostering concept learning (e.g., Smith et al., 2017 ; Madden et al., 2018 ; and Porter et al., 2019 ). There are only a few example studies proving a significant increase in students’ conceptual understanding...

...., 2022 ). Biofuels and biopolymers can help us reduce GHG emissions while maintaining a balance in the global supply of energy and materials ( Zamboni et al., 2011 ; and Thiyagarajan et al., 2019 ). In many parts of the world, the use of biofuels has proved to be a promising...

... silicon cells and conducted shielding studies on cells with different leakage currents, which proved that the leakage current was the main cause of the hot spot ( Yang et al., 2010 ). To improve the safety and reliability of the components, scholars have proposed various methods to improve...

..., integration, and techniques like the separation of variables in the context of electromagnetism described in Secs. 5.8 and 5.9 hint at a way forward, but must also be used to look backward: it may well prove to be the case that deep understanding at the post-introductory level requires a much deeper...

... is mainly motivated by competence, and they like to try new things and complete challenges to prove themselves. Player: The player type is affected by extrinsic rewards. Whatever the design system gives them affects their behavior, even if it is irrelevant to the main progress...

... development (see Sperandeo-Mineo et al., 2006 ) and also that an integrated use of different knowledge bases proved to be challenging (see Nilsson, 2008 ). In addition to that, Karal and Alev (2016) pointed out to the importance of mentors and their feedback during field experiences...

... gravity-wave detector before even knowing for certain that gravity waves exist? Can you prove their existence with a gravity-wave detector that is not validated and calibrated? The sociologist notes what also applies to EB research: “where the detection of a novel phenomenon is in question...