FIG. 7.10 (a) The out-of-plane, (b) in-plane phase contrast image obtained from BFO with tetragonal phase grown on LSMO∼2 nm, and (c) the corresponding out-of-plane domain contrast obtained from the phase field modeling indicating only 〈001〉 polarization dominating the domain pattern. More about this image found in (a) The out-of-plane, (b) in-plane phase contrast image obtained from BFO w...

FIG. 7.11 (a) The out-of-plane (b) in-plane phase contrast image obtained from BFO with mixed phase (rhombohedral + tetragonal) grown on LSMO∼10 nm and (c) the corresponding out-of-plane domain contrast obtained from phase field modeling, indicating the components apart from 〈001〉 polarization eme... More about this image found in (a) The out-of-plane (b) in-plane phase contrast image obtained from BFO wi...

FIG. 7.12 (a) The out-of-plane and (b) in-plane phase contrast image obtained from BFO with rhombohedral phase grown on LSMO∼20 nm and (c) the corresponding out-of-plane domain contrast obtained from phase field modeling, representing more of a fractal domain as present in the rhombohedral phase o... More about this image found in (a) The out-of-plane and (b) in-plane phase contrast image obtained from BF...

FIG. 21.5 GeoGebra screenshot showing a model of an inclined plane. Reproduced from Marcuic et al. (2016). “Learning physics by building computer models—movements on inclined planes,” in Proceedings of the 11th International Scientific Conference on ELearning and Software for Education (Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2016), with the permission of the ADL ROMANIA. Copyright 2016 ADL ROMANIA. More about this image found in GeoGebra screenshot showing a model of an inclined plane. Reproduced fro...

FIG. 7.6 A process flow for an SOI-based MOEM ring with only the out-of-plane actuator released by wet etching and freeze drying ( Abdulla et al., 2011 ). More about this image found in A process flow for an SOI-based MOEM ring with only the out-of-plane actuat...

FIG. 7.4 (a) The schematic of the pseudocubic unit cell of BFO indicating the polarization vector pointing toward [111] direction and the schematic of the PFM tip approaching from the top, (b) out-of-plane phase contrast, and (c) in-plane phase contrast obtained from a PFM for a BFO/STO superlatti... More about this image found in (a) The schematic of the pseudocubic unit cell of BFO indicating the polari...

FIG. 7.5 (a) The schematic of the pseudocubic unit cell of BFO indicating the polarization vector pointing toward [001] direction and the schematic of the PFM tip approaching from the top, (b) out-of-plane phase contrast, and (c) in-plane phase contrast obtained from a PFM for a BFO/STO superlatti... More about this image found in (a) The schematic of the pseudocubic unit cell of BFO indicating the polari...

FIG. 7.18 (a) Micromachined interferometric accelerometer showing the two optical beams, one from the diffraction grating and second from the mirror, which will interfere at the photodetector. (b) SiN nanobeam pair acting as “zipper” photonic crystal optomechanical cavity for accelerometry ( Krause et al., 2012 ). (c) Microdisk coupled to cantilever acting as a force sensor ( Doolin et al., 2014 ). The cantilever can deflect in both out-of-plane and in-plane mechanical modes. This results in the modulation of the disk's optical resonance frequency and is read out optically using a coupled fiber. (d) Split beam nano-cavity torque sensor ( Wu et al., 2014 ) showing the three degrees of freedom. One is out-of-plane rotation of the suspended mirror about the torsion beam, the second is in-plane bending about the torsion beam, and the third is out-of-plane bending of the cantilever mirror. More about this image found in (a) Micromachined interferometric accelerometer showing the two optical bea...

FIG. 1.13 Representation of (a) symmetric θ/2θ scan, (b) rocking curve scan, and (c) asymmetric ω/2θ scan in the (Q_xQ_z) plane. More about this image found in Representation of (a) symmetric θ/2θ scan...

FIG. 9.1 β-Ga₂O₃ crystal structure with (010) and (−201) planes labeled. Reprinted with permission from Jang et al., J. Alloys Compd. 731 , 118–125 (2018). Copyright 2018 Elsevier. More about this image found in β-Ga₂O₃ crystal structure with (010) and (−201) plane...

FIG. 10.4 Inverse FFT pattern of BCZT and CFO lattice fringes along the C2 column. (b) Schematic showing the lattice plane of CFO (311) and BCZT (111). More about this image found in Inverse FFT pattern of BCZT and CFO lattice fringes along the C2 column. (b...

FIG. 7.2 (a) Schematic of the pseudocubic unit cell with indication of eight equivalent polarization directions of 〈111〉. (b) The projection of the spin tip on (111) plane of pseudocubic BFO and (c) schematic of the spin cycloidal antiferromagnetic arrangement. More about this image found in (a) Schematic of the pseudocubic unit cell with indication of eight equival...

FIG. 7.13 (a) Top view of a tunable directional coupler tuned using the longitudinal movement of a phase-matched waveguide resulting in different lengths of the coupling region. (b) Possible cross-section views of phase-matched waveguides in a directional coupler showing the change of waveguide se... More about this image found in (a) Top view of a tunable directional coupler tuned using the longitudinal ...

FIG. 3.9 The energy gaps measured at Γ and L valley (a) as a function of Sn content in Ge_(1−x)Sn_x alloy (b) as a function of in-plane biaxial compressive strain for in Ge_0.92Sn_0.08. As seen ∼6.5% Sn in Ge bring the Γ valley down to L valley, thus converting it to direct bandgap (a). Larger compressive strain (>0.32%) change the nature of the bandgap (direct to indirect) (b) ( Gupta et al., 2013a ). More about this image found in The energy gaps measured at Γ and L valley (a) as a functi...

FIG. 7.17 (a) Homodyne-Michelson-interferometer-based position sensor. (b) Schematic of an out-of-plane actuated directional-coupler-based displacement sensor ( Liu et al., 2020b ). (c) A Fabry–Perot strain sensor ( Niewczas et al., 2003 ) with arrayed waveguide grating to analyze the spectrum. (d) Microdisk as sensing element in a cantilever displacement sensor ( Srinivasan et al., 2011 ). More about this image found in (a) Homodyne-Michelson-interferometer-based position sensor. (b) Schematic ...

FIG. 8.7 Microheater geometries of different shapes: (a) meander, (b) S-meander, (c) curved, (d) S-curved, (e) double spiral, (f) drive wheel, (g) elliptical, (h) circular, (i) plane plate, (j) fin shape, (k) honeycomb, and (l) irregular. Reproduced with permission Çakır et al., Sensors 16 (10), 1612 (2016). Copyright 2016 Author(s), licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. More about this image found in Microheater geometries of different shapes: (a) meander, (b) S-meander, (c)...

FIG. 5.12 Cross-sectional STEM images of YBCO with BZO [(a)–(d)] and strain maps determined by peak-pairs analysis of cross-sectional STEM images [(e)–(i)] ( Llordés et al., 2012 ). (a) and (b) Low-magnification and high-magnification image showing the bending of YBCO planes around BZO. (c) and (d) High-resolution images showing the interface between two different BZO particles with two different orientations and matrix. (e) Z-contrast image from which the strain maps were generated; the red arrows indicate two close intergrowths. (f) Grid obtained by peak-pairs analysis from the image of (e), the red rectangle indicates the region of the image taken as reference. (g)–(i) ε_xx, ε_yy, and ε_xY maps, respectively. Reproduced with permission from Llordés et al., Nat. Mater. 11 , 329–333 (2012). Copyright 2012 Springer Nature. More about this image found in Cross-sectional STEM images of YBCO with BZO [(a)–(d)] and strain maps dete...