FIG. 1.13 The 3 × 1 string under partial shading condition: (a) string pattern, (b) characteristic of each module, and (c) the characteristic of the string ( Yousri et al., 2021 ). More about this image found in The 3 × 1 string under partial shading condition: (a) string pattern, (b) c...

FIG. 10.4 Inverse FFT pattern of BCZT and CFO lattice fringes along the C2 column. (b) Schematic showing the lattice plane of CFO (311) and BCZT (111). More about this image found in Inverse FFT pattern of BCZT and CFO lattice fringes along the C2 column. (b...

FIG. 4.2 (a) In situ XRD pattern showing the evolution of M1 (011) phase to the R phase; (b) M1 (020) phase to the R phase with temperature during heating cycle ( Sohn et al., 2009 ); and (c) in situ Raman spectra of VO₂ single crystal during the heating cycle ( Singh and Viswanath, 2017 ). More about this image found in (a) In situ XRD pattern showing the evolution of M1 (011) ...

FIG. 5.19 Selected-area diffraction pattern measured from PMN–PT ( Sato et al., 2014 ). Magnified (a) 3 ¯ 33 and (b) 005 spot measured from a region including nanodomains a and b. Magnified (c) 3 ¯ 3 3 ¯ and (d) 00 4 ¯ spot measured from a region including nanodomains c and d. (e) Magnified 2 2 ¯ 0 spot and (f) its splitting pattern measured from a region including nanodomains a–d. The triangles in (a)–(d) highlight the split of the spots. More about this image found in Selected-area diffraction pattern measured from PMN–PT ( Sato et al...

FIG. 7.3 (a) The x-ray diffraction pattern of a BFO/STO superlattice with satellite reflections, (b) schematic of the alternate arrangement of layers in a superlattice, and (c) high resolution TEM image of the BFO/STO superlattice with magnified view and superlattice reflections from SAED as inset... More about this image found in (a) The x-ray diffraction pattern of a BFO/STO superlattice with satellite ...

FIG. 4.8 (a) P–h curve of elastic loading and unloading of VO₂ NW; (b) unstrained VO₂ NW and its diffraction pattern; (c) at applied load of 88 µN denotes the initiation of M2 phase along with M1 phase; (d) at applied load of 133 µN with full transformation from M1 to M2 phase; and (e) stress–strain plot of VO₂ NW upon loading and its corresponding diffraction patterns ( Guo et al., 2011 ). More about this image found in (a) P–h curve of elastic loading and unloading of VO₂ NW; (b) un...

FIG. 7.13 The magnified regions of various locations of (a) experimentally observed domain pattern of tetragonal BFO and the respective (b) theoretical observation from tetragonal BFO. More about this image found in The magnified regions of various locations of (a) experimentally observed d...

FIG. 7.6 Schematic of the growth configuration and the corresponding x-ray diffraction pattern of the BFO layers with constant thickness and LSMO with varying thicknesses [tetragonal (a), mixed (b), and rhombohedral (c)]. More about this image found in Schematic of the growth configuration and the corresponding x-ray diffracti...

FIG. 7.10 (a) The out-of-plane, (b) in-plane phase contrast image obtained from BFO with tetragonal phase grown on LSMO∼2 nm, and (c) the corresponding out-of-plane domain contrast obtained from the phase field modeling indicating only 〈001〉 polarization dominating the domain pattern. More about this image found in (a) The out-of-plane, (b) in-plane phase contrast image obtained from BFO w...

FIG. 5.18 DF-TEM images of (a) microdomain band and (b) lamellar-like nanodomain in PMN–PT. (c) In the schematic illustration of nanodomains in (b), a–d denote the domains of four different crystallographic orientations. (d) Selected-area diffraction pattern measured with the zone axis of [1 1 ¯ 0] ( Sato et al., 2014 ). More about this image found in DF-TEM images of (a) microdomain band and (b) lamellar-like nanodomain in P...