... an implant is inserted into the body. Implantation of materials into the body has an unavoidable trauma associated with it due to the tissue the implant displaces and the surgical procedure itself. Within minutes of implantation, proteins from extravasated blood adsorb to the implant surface. Cells interact...

... contains two major cell types, bipolar cells (BCs) and horizontal cells (HCs), both non-spiking interneurons (i.e., that do not generate action potentials but graded voltage changes as a function of synaptic activation) ( Graubard, 1978 ). In mammals, the GCL contains about 20–30 classes of retinal...

... requires pharmacologic agents to undergo first-pass metabolism and cross the blood–brain barrier before being able to modulate the central nervous system. Diagnostics and biomarkers Investigating biological indicators in the nervous system helps us to characterize neurological disorders. While non...

... performed on a subject using a DC inductorium device. Image from Beard and Rockwell, A Practical Treatise on the Medical and Surgical Uses of Electricity: Including Localized and General Faradization, 2nd ed. (Wood, New York, New York, 1878). (b) Neural bypass control concept, 1973. Image...

... to carry out their normal activities with minimal disruption. Ideally, such implantable devices should be designed to be compatible with minimally invasive surgical implantation and explantation procedures. On the material side, the development of new functional materials that are biocompatible...

... to applications in orthopedic surgery ( Pfeifer et al., 2013 ), applications related to the development of intravenous cannula, self-adjusting orthodontic wires, selective pliable tools for small-scale surgical procedures, and usability in temporary implants, etc., and many other fields of applications...

... when used as a lubricant. It is also often utilized in surgical procedures as a graft material. Molybdenum disulfide: It is used in constant velocity (CV) joints and space vehicles. It also acts as a lubricant in a vacuum. Hexagonal boron nitride: It is also known as “white graphite.” It is used...

... moldings are the two types of compression molding processes. For thermosetting matrices, an intermediary substance known as molding compound is often utilized in this procedure. It is, in fact, a semi-cured composite. Sheet molding compound (SMC) and bulk molding compound (BMC) are two thermosetting-based...

... polymerized by cross-linking, like vulcanized rubber). BioMEMS devices mostly utilize non-polymerized to weakly polymerized materials through a bunch or a class of cross-linking polymers. The most common polymers that are used in making BioMEMS are polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) ( Fujii, 2002 ; Korampally...

... stacks in the actuator can be bulky and increase the size of the probe. This is of particular concern in surgical procedures, such as breast-conserving surgery, where surgical cavities are often only several centimeters wide. To begin to address this, Fang et al. (2020) demonstrated...

...medical imaging phantoms medical physics non-surgical procedure medical signs electronic medical physics world biological physics Getting Started Today, disease characteristics visualized in an image are used to create a clinical differential diagnosis and suggest a prognosis. Many choose...

...biomarker discovery medical imaging phantoms medical physics non-surgical procedure medical signs electronic medical physics world biological physics Introduction A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms surrounding disease has led to the practice of precision medicine as we know...

... techniques are approaching maturity, it is likely that this application area will be revisited with renewed vigor in coming years. Materials characterization OCE has been proposed for non-destructive testing of soft materials and biofilms in a number of studies ( Yang et al., 2007 ; Shen et al...

... object. Uncertainty A non-negative parameter characterizing the dispersion of quantify values being attributed to a measurand. Quantitative imaging (QI) tools/functions As stated in Table 12.1 , a QI tool or function is an algorithm or software tool that allows the extraction of QI values from...

... for clinical use in the neoadjuvant (pre-surgical) or adjuvant (post-surgical) settings for non-metastatic breast cancer. From its inception, the I-SPY program has been paired with studies of breast MRI as an early response indicator and image-based response endpoint. Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE...