... for the research and development of low-cost apparatus to teach non-ionizing radiation (microwave, UV, and IR-regimes) in middle and high schools. In terms of “real” contexts for learning about radiation, one of the most dominant changes to our daily lives in the past decade has been the widespread use of mobile...

... the experimental process in physics education cover much of the experimental processes of engineering, acoustics, magnetic field detection, light intensity measurement and analysis of light, and estimation of ionizing background radiation. The list of works and alternative approaches that have been proposed would...

... higher voltage, support more radiation tolerance, and advance system simplification. However, these semiconductors still have been minimally integrated in commercial power electronics due to their higher cost and lower maturity compared to silicon. Recently, β-Ga₂O₃ has emerged...

... ). 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.11.004 Belpomme , D. , Hardell , L. , Belyaev , I. , Burgio , E. , and Carpenter , D. O. , “ Thermal and non-thermal health effects of low intensity non-ionizing radiation: An international perspective ,” Environ. Pollut.   242 , 643 – 658 ( 2018...

... and biological hazards. Radiation Hazards Excellent resources are available on ways to quantify ionizing and non-ionizing radiation ( Moeller, 2005 ; Belpomme et al., 2018 ; Hansson Mild et al., 2019 ; Ivanova et al., 2019 ; Gupta et al., 2020 ; Heyde, 2020...

.... Plotting this excess energy of the photoelectrons vs the frequency of the incident radiation yields a linear equation with the slope of Planck's constant. Lower frequency light merely excites the molecule to higher energy levels, but if light is sufficient to ionize the substance, the electron is emitted...

.... The measured capacitance of the MODFET device includes contributions from incomplete ionization of the donors in addition to the 2DEG channel. By separating the contributions of the non-ionized donors, a 2DEG charge density of 4.7 × 10¹² cm⁻² and 5.3 × 10¹² cm⁻²...

... and gauge invariance in non-perturbative time-dependent calculation of above-threshold ionization ,” J. Phys. B   29 , 1667 ( 1996 ). 10.1088/0953-4075/29/9/013 Fetic , B. , Becker , W. , and Milosevic , D. , “ Extracting photoelectron spectra from the time-dependent wave function...

..., and consider the role and function of each. We will begin with x-ray sources, which understandably brings to mind the fact that we are dealing with ionizing radiations with potential hazards to the human operator's health. Indeed, many of the pioneers of x-ray work, including crystallography, became ill...

... absorption edges, and are where the incident photon has sufficient energy to promote or excite an electron to a vacant state—either to an empty valence orbital or to eject it entirely from the absorbing atom into the continuum; in either case, this is often referred to by shorthand as an ionization...

... emerged very recently, and the directions that may open up for researchers in the future. It is impossible to cover every possible technique, and some of the most exciting do not use ionizing radiations so fall outside the remit of this text but may be flagged up where appropriate regardless. Major...

...: is it the material that we intended to synthesize? Is it pure, or does it contain one or more impurity phase(s)? These questions are far more complex than they may seem to the uninitiated. In order to answer them, we must consider the state of the sample: is it a solid, liquid, or gas? Is it molecular or non...