... temperature. The organization of the experimental work requires several vessels, some larger in addition to collect the discharged water, which must be refilled during exchanges. For clear results, it is also important that hot water is really hot (but not boiling) and cold water is really cold...

... and useful research, while we contribute more generally to the methodological base to make progress on new theories regarding Teaching Physics. Over the next few years, as the TLS design-based research is conducted, we hope that the dialog can continue. One important question that DBR must answer is what...

... to encourage valid research and transparent communication of methods/results, as well as to ensure scrutiny and replication by other scientists. The history of both the natural and social sciences suggests that the knowledge creation enterprise must rely on peer reviewed publication outlets for primary...

... storage systems. Next, the development status and challenges faced by grid-connected PV systems are enumerated. Finally, future directions for PV system reliability evaluation research are detailed. Reliability Evaluation Indices and Analysis Methods The reliability of a PV power generation system must...

... listen in on student discussions but intervene sparsely. They must be familiar with the intentions of the worksheet questions to be able to adequately guide student discussions, mostly through questioning. No worked solutions should be handed out or discussed. ILDs and PI demonstrate ways to create SSLEs...

... cognitive engagement, reduced anxiety, and learning. In order for these types of interventions to succeed, however, a variety of factors must be considered and carefully implemented ( Aguilar et al., 2014 ). Some of the elements that must be considered are that the intervention must deal...

... is an outcome of friction and not related to energy transformation processes Kesidou and Duit (1993) Transfer Work must be done in every energy transfer Goldring and Osborne (1994) Degradation Energy can be used up Black and Solomon (1983) Energy is not lost when it has brought an effect...

... and methods. In qualitative research, it is difficult to conduct a controlled study mainly because it is usually impossible to create a control group when aspects both intrinsic and extrinsic to the individual or context being studied are considered. Inevitably, choices must be made on which aspects...

... practical classroom environment, it is important to motivate all students to engage in productive problem-solving approaches. We must recognize the diversity of students in our classes and how their backgrounds can influence how they perceive the classroom and the extent to which they engage...

... (programming and numerical modeling) means that students must wait until their second semester before they encounter significant physics content. This degree of computational integration also requires significant departmental buy-in and support, as well as teaching staff who are willing and able to integrate...

... to the evidence of student needs. One important component of any successful formative assessment is designing effective activities, tools, or instruments that can draw out information on student learning. With such information at hand, one must make appropriate inferences about student needs and quickly devise...

... researchers understand that the historical approach must address issues specific to the HS historiography field. In such a way, the central concern around historical approaches should not regard historical rigor or possible historical errors but the adherence to a historiographical perspective...

... an inappropriate compensation heuristic, arguing that an increase in one quantity implies a decrease in another. One example is given in the Meltzer PV diagram task, where students argued that the heat in one process must be less since the work is greater. A related answer in other tasks was that if one...

... level. The change in the theoretical and cultural frame has profound implications that are often not intuitive and involve the appropriation of a specific way of thinking. Neither macroscopic phenomenology nor intuition help, because there is no simple evidence of how quantum objects must be thought...

... ; and Zhu et al., 2022 ). To be more competitive in energy production, SPT systems must be efficient and overcome material durability issues ( Salomé et al., 2013 ). In the SPT plant, the heliostat field is a subsystem for concentrating and collecting heat. The optical performance...

... through the eyes of a philosopher throughout the course. In doing so, they must come to understand and critically analyze their own personal views. Only then can they examine the evolution of science and develop correct ideas about how science advances. The students present these ideas to the class...

..., integration, and techniques like the separation of variables in the context of electromagnetism described in Secs. 5.8 and 5.9 hint at a way forward, but must also be used to look backward: it may well prove to be the case that deep understanding at the post-introductory level requires a much deeper...

..., the tendency to attribute different epistemological status to different motions, with some relegated to less than fully real status, forms a central conceptual challenge with which students must grapple. A major intellectual step occurs when students let go of the need to regard the motion as absolute, i.e...

... as part of professional learning communities ( Dana and Yendol-Hoppey, 2015 ). Ownership is perhaps one of the most important considerations for a successful PI—the teacher must be willing to change his/her classroom practice. Several difficulties have been encountered by teachers conducting a PI...

.... A proper balance must be found among these competing objectives. For example, it is just as important that students get skilled systematically and generally using a CFD package and achieve a specific result. Many publications show that the use of simulation can enhance the curriculum (e.g., Rozza et al...