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(a) Two-axis MEMS mirror and grating based 1 × N wavelength router (Stepanovsky, 2019). (b) A switchable wavelength add-drop filter array implemented using coupling-gap tuning of ring resonators (Takahashi et al., 2008). (c) Frequency tuning of ring resonator by changing the perimeter of the ring (Chu and Hane, 2014). (d) A ring resonator tuned by the proximity of a beam near the ring (Yao et al., 2007). (e) Tuning of a ring resonator by bending the ring to the proximity of a high refractive index rim (Errando-Herranz et al., 2015). (f) MEMS tuned microsphere switch (Blue et al., 2011).
Published: March 2023
FIG. 7.24 (a) Two-axis MEMS mirror and grating based 1 × N wavelength router ( Stepanovsky, 2019 ). (b) A switchable wavelength add-drop filter array implemented using coupling-gap tuning of ring resonators ( Takahashi et al., 2008 ). (c) Frequency tuning of ring resonator by changing More about this image found in (a) Two-axis MEMS mirror and grating based 1 × N wavelength router ( Stepan...
Images
(a) Strictly non-blocking 2D N × N switch requiring N2 single axis mirrors (Stepanovsky, 2019; and Horsley et al., 2005). (b) A 3-axis micromirror array capable of N × N routing using 2 N mirrors (Stepanovsky, 2019). (c) An N × N planar switch implemented using tunable directional couplers (Han et al., 2015; and Stepanovsky, 2019).
Published: March 2023
FIG. 7.23 (a) Strictly non-blocking 2D N × N switch requiring N2 single axis mirrors ( Stepanovsky, 2019 ; and Horsley et al., 2005 ). (b) A 3-axis micromirror array capable of N × N routing using 2 N mirrors ( Stepanovsky, 2019 ). (c) An N × N planar switch implemented using More about this image found in (a) Strictly non-blocking 2D N × N switch requiring N2 single ax...
Images
(a) Micromachined interferometric accelerometer showing the two optical beams, one from the diffraction grating and second from the mirror, which will interfere at the photodetector. (b) SiN nanobeam pair acting as “zipper” photonic crystal optomechanical cavity for accelerometry (Krause et al., 2012). (c) Microdisk coupled to cantilever acting as a force sensor (Doolin et al., 2014). The cantilever can deflect in both out-of-plane and in-plane mechanical modes. This results in the modulation of the disk's optical resonance frequency and is read out optically using a coupled fiber. (d) Split beam nano-cavity torque sensor (Wu et al., 2014) showing the three degrees of freedom. One is out-of-plane rotation of the suspended mirror about the torsion beam, the second is in-plane bending about the torsion beam, and the third is out-of-plane bending of the cantilever mirror.
Published: March 2023
FIG. 7.18 (a) Micromachined interferometric accelerometer showing the two optical beams, one from the diffraction grating and second from the mirror, which will interfere at the photodetector. (b) SiN nanobeam pair acting as “zipper” photonic crystal optomechanical cavity for accelerometry More about this image found in (a) Micromachined interferometric accelerometer showing the two optical bea...
Book Chapter
Book cover for Energy Systems and Processes:  Recent Advances in Design and Control
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_005
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
... concentrating mirrors and focused into a central heat absorber for thermal power generation, which is the primary working concept of the SPT generation system. In comparison to the use of a tower, large-scale concentrating mirror plants may effectively create economic benefits while improving the efficiency...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425712_020
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
... such as light propagation, shadow formation, reflection from mirrors, refraction of light by lenses, and image formation. Many of these optical phenomena continue to be investigated and the purpose of this chapter is to examine the range of diagnostic instruments for measuring students’ conceptions of optical...
Images
(a) Vertical pendulum tilt sensor (Dong et al., 2005) with three fiber Bragg gratings attached to three cantilevers. A tilt of the pendulum leads to bending of the cantilevers depending on the direction of the tilt. This leads the attached fiber Bragg grating to strain and change its reflection spectrum. (b) Schematic of a MEMS ring laser gyroscope with movable mirrors and lens. (Hashimoto et al., 2009). (c) Schematic of a passive resonant optical gyroscope using a fiber ring. The phase modulators are driven by antiphase triangular waves to reduce parasitic effects and allow the readout of Sagnac phase shift as amplitude at photodetector (Jin et al., 2007).
Published: March 2023
and change its reflection spectrum. (b) Schematic of a MEMS ring laser gyroscope with movable mirrors and lens. ( Hashimoto et al., 2009 ). (c) Schematic of a passive resonant optical gyroscope using a fiber ring. The phase modulators are driven by antiphase triangular waves to reduce parasitic More about this image found in (a) Vertical pendulum tilt sensor ( Dong et al., 2005 ) wi...
Book Chapter
Book cover for MEMS Applications in Electronics and Engineering
Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735424395_007
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2439-5
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2436-4
... topologies of networked components such as a ring resonator. Various types of couplers exist, in which some of them transfer the energy by directly launching the light into another waveguide (butt coupling), some via partially reflecting mirrors, some use perturbations such as gratings or dielectric...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477_006
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
... or students' conception and the idea of materialization can also be found in other content areas of physics. Image formation by mirrors is frequently not attributed to light propagation—especially in cases with nonluminous objects—but to the special property of mirrors being able to capture objects ( Jung...
Book Chapter

Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
.../document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=4988&DocID=239 . Etkina , E.   et al. , Investigative Science Learning Environment: When Learning Physics Mirrors Doing Physics ( Morgan & Claypool Publishers , 2019 ). Etkina , E.   et al. , Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Phys. Educ. Res.   2 ( 2 ), 020103...
Book Chapter

Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
... ). 10.1119/1.4923432 Etkina , E.   et al. , Investigative Science Learning Environment: When Learning Physics Mirrors Doing Physics ( Morgan and Claypool Publishers , 2019a ). Etkina , E.   et al. , College Physics: Explore and Apply , 2nd ed. ( Pearson , 2019b...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425712_019
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
... Optics Test (FTGOT) Reflection, refraction, Plane mirrors, Spherical mirrors, lenses Introductory College 4-tier MCT R28 Light Phenomena Conceptual Assessment (LPCA) Reflection, refraction, Snell's law, Wavelength and frequency, EM spectrum, light scattering High school, Introductory College...
Book
Book cover for MEMS Applications in Electronics and Engineering
Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735424395
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2439-5
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2436-4
Book Chapter

Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
... Environment: When Learning Physics Mirrors Doing Physics ( Institute of Physics, Concise Publishing; Morgan and Claypool Publishers , 2019 ). 10.1088/2053-2571/ab3ebd Etkina , E. and Planinšič , G. , Phys. Teacher   53 , 432 – 437 ( 2015 ). 10.1119/1.4931014 Etkina , E...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477_015
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
... of computation in physics education with respect to three components: (1) how computation is used in the professional practice of physics with focus on research that concerns computational tools, techniques, or practices that either mirror or relate to those used in professional physics; (2) how computation can...
Book Chapter
Book cover for MEMS Applications in Electronics and Engineering

Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
0
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2439-5
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2436-4
... integration platform ,” Opt. Express   21 ( 1 ), 544 –555 ( 2013 ). 10.1364/OE.21.000544 Bernstein , J. , Taylor , W. P. , Brazzle , J. , Kirkos , G. , Odhner , J. , Pareek , A.   et al. , “ Two axis-of-rotation mirror array using electromagnetic MEMS ,” in The Sixteenth...
Book Chapter

Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425712_008
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
... of an HLE is the presence of intentionalities. Across all HLEs discussed in this chapter, we find two different intentionalities. The first intentionality is that students learn physics through engaging in practices that mirror the activities of physicists. This intentionality comes in two slightly...
Book
Book cover for Energy Systems and Processes:  Recent Advances in Design and Control
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
Book Chapter
Book cover for MEMS Applications in Electronics and Engineering
Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735424395_004
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2439-5
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2436-4
... with this technique is DMD, which was fabricated by Texas Instruments ( Van Kessel et al., 1998 ). DMD comprises tilting mirror plates with the electrodes to drive these plates, which are directly built on the CMOS-based electronic circuitry. The top mirror plate is fabricated through three sputter-coated...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425514_003
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2551-4
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2548-4
... ; Goodwin and Chemerinsky, 2019 ; and Kaufman and Compton, 2020 ). An example of continued discrimination can be seen in the 2017 banning of transgender troops serving in the U.S. military by a sitting president ( Goodwin and Chemerinsky, 2019 ). Even with same-sex marriage recently in the rear-view mirror...