FIG. 8.6 (a) A closed membrane type MEMS-based gas sensor with Si₃N₄ as passivation layer and nanostructured SnO₂ hollow sphere array. Reprinted with permission from Rao et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 (3), 2634–2641 (2017). Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. (b) Another closed membrane type microheater design with SiO₂ passivation layer and transparent ITO electrodes with ZnO nanowires as sensing element. Reprinted with permission from Hsueh et al., Sens. Actuators B Chem. 304 , 127319 (2020). Copyright 2020 Elsevier. (c) Top view and section view of a suspended membrane type structure of microheater design. Reprinted with permission from Zhou et al., Sens. Actuators A 223 , 67–75 (2015). Copyright 2015 Elsevier. More about this image found in (a) A closed membrane type MEMS-based gas sensor with Si₃N₄...

FIG. 2.3 Simplified flowsheet of the integrated system of NGH exploitation via CO₂/H₂ replacement and in situ methane reforming. (1.1) Replacement exploitation unit; (1.2) Desalination unit; (1.3) Reforming unit; (1.4) Water-gas-shift unit; (1.5) Heat recovery boiler unit; (1.6) Membrane separation unit. More about this image found in Simplified flowsheet of the integrated system of NGH exploitation via CO...

FIG. 8.4 (a) Schematic of a self-leveling capacitive VOC sensor. (b) SEM image of the self-leveling sensor (i) 450 µm long device with PDMS polymer and (ii) magnified image of the suspended top electrode of the device with etch holes (i) Reproduced with permission from Likhite et al., Sens. Actuators B Chem. 311 , 127817 (2020). Copyright 2020 Elsevier. (c) SEM images of AlGaN/GaN heterostructure based dual channel MC heater design [(i) and (ii)] SEM images of a monolithic tip dual channel MC heater. The sensor and heater channels are visible in (ii). (iii) and (iv) Split tip dual channel MC heater with sensor and heater channels marked in (iv). Reproduced with permission from Jahangir and Koley, Sci. Rep. 6 , 28735 (2016). Copyright 2020 Author(s), licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. (d) Graphene membrane resonators (i) angled SEM image of suspended graphene membranes over fabricated trenches in SiO₂. (ii) Angled SEM of an array of graphene membranes. (iii) Optical image of a large array of graphene membranes. Reprinted with permission from van der Zande et al., Nano Lett. 10 (12), 4869–4873 ( 2010 ). Copyright 2010 American Chemical Society. More about this image found in (a) Schematic of a self-leveling capacitive VOC sensor. (b) SEM image of th...

FIG. 5.1 (a) Lipid bilayer where the C2 atoms are highlighted in red. (b) The thickness of membrane (T) as a function of time. (c) The area per lipid (APL) as a function of time. (d) Lipid order parameters (OP) with respect to C2 and C3 atoms. More about this image found in (a) Lipid bilayer where the C2 atoms are highlighted in red. (b) The thickn...

FIG. 8.5 (a) Neural membrane response to the stimuli of different amplitudes and durations drawn below, delivering the same charge. Reproduced with permission from Malmivuo and Plonsey, Bioelectromagnetism: Principles and Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Fields (Oxford University Press, 1995 ). Copyright 1995 Oxford University Press. (b) The strength–duration curve overlayed on top of the aforementioned pulses. The rheobase corresponds to the lowest amplitude (or “strength”) and longest duration stimulus current that will still just activate the membrane. The chronaxie duration corresponds to an activating pulse of double the rheobase amplitude. More about this image found in (a) Neural membrane response to the stimuli of different amplitudes and dur...

FIG. 10.2 The electrical activity of cells. The cell membrane is kept polarized at negative resting potential, mainly by the membrane's efflux of potassium ions. If the membrane is depolarized beyond a certain threshold due to positive charged ions influx, more ion channels are opened, leading to ... More about this image found in The electrical activity of cells. The cell membrane is kept polarized at ne...