... electromagnetic and electrostatic. The piezoelectric based energy harvester can be further classified into three groups: (1) macroscale harvester (2) MEMS-scale harvester and (3) nanoscale harvester. The size of an energy harvester affects various parameters such as the fabrication method, weight, power output...

... of ions with electronic charges on the polymer backbone, the operation of a typical OECT is analogous to that of an EGOFET where charge modulation occurs throughout the bulk of the channel rather than at a discrete macroscale semiconductor/electrolyte interface ( Rivnay et al., 2014 ). Similar...

...) of the output voltage impulse signal and the applied DC current. The sensitivities of the macroscale device were derived as around 7 and 5 mV/A for the cases of turning on and turning off the DC power supply, respectively. FIG. 3.5 Empirical peak values (in error bar) of the output voltage impulse...

....2005.08.064 Sreekala , M. S. and Eger , C. , “ Property improvements of an epoxy resin by nanosilica particle reinforcement introduction and state of the art ,” in Polymer Composites: From Nano- to Macroscale , edited by K.   Friedrich , S.   Fakirov , and Z.   Zhang ( Springer...

....2005.08.064 Sreekala , M. S. and Eger , C. , “ Property improvements of an epoxy resin by nanosilica particle reinforcement introduction and state of the art ,” in Polymer Composites: From Nano- to Macroscale , edited by K.   Friedrich , S.   Fakirov , and Z.   Zhang ( Springer...

... hemorheology, for an understanding of the blood rheology at the molecular level, such as the effect of the cytoskeletal proteins on the RBC rheology and the effect of the plasma molecules on the blood viscosity. Macroscale modeling of blood rheology Blood is initially assumed to be an incompressible Newtonian...

.... , Croquette , V. , and Le Saux , T. , “ Macroscale fluorescence imaging against autofluorescence under ambient light ,” Light Sci. Appl.   7 ( 1 ), 1 ( 2018b ). 10.1038/s41377-018-0007-z Zhao , Q. , Huang , C. , and Li , F. , “ Phosphorescent heavy-metal complexes for bioimaging...

.... , Croquette , V. , and Le Saux , T. , “ Macroscale fluorescence imaging against autofluorescence under ambient light ,” Light Sci. Appl.   7 ( 1 ), 1 ( 2018b ). 10.1038/s41377-018-0007-z Zhao , Q. , Huang , C. , and Li , F. , “ Phosphorescent heavy-metal complexes for bioimaging...

...Biomedical optical imaging spatial resolution imaging depth optical contrast biomedical applications nano-scale micro-scale macroscale non-ionizing radiation Brief History of Microscopy Development from Micro- to Nanoscale Biomedical optical imaging has been playing a crucial role...

... at the microscale involves phenomena that are quite different and counter-intuitive to macrolevel aspects and phenomena. A direct example of this can be found in fluid flow behavior, which is not important at the macroscale but becomes quite interesting at the microscale ( Sinton, 2004 ). A low fluid volume...

... are commonly applied to produce a smooth and compact layer with large crystal grains for the fabrication of solar cell devices. In the scope of macroscale materials, the establishment of HP-based 3D photonic crystals with inverse opal nanostructures can be realized by using polystyrene as hard templates...

... within by white light. In past experiments, it has been demonstrated that a macroscale strain applied to such a system can determine a reversible nanoscale elongation or compression of sample areas containing nanoparticles, thus modifying their relative distance and inducing plasmonic coupling...

... and charge transport mechanisms. The multiple scales vary from atomic to mesoscale to macroscale, the timescales from subseconds through years, and connecting chemical, physical, and mechanical phenomena must be tackled through related progress in theory, modeling, and simulation. A cohesive integration...