... D with index D₁, D₂, … will be used to denote nonzero natural numbers. upper case letter Z and upper case letter Z with index Z₁, Z₂, … will be used to denote integers. Natural Numbers...

.../classical algorithm implemented for determining the control action is as follows: at every sampling time, a process state measurement is obtained. This measurement is scaled up by a factor of 10 and floored to an integer for the scaled measurement value plus 0.5 so that the state measurement can...

... of hl_pq. m represents the total row number of the flux distribution matrix. Cov represents the covariance calculation. Gurobi calculated the optimization model after establishing it as a mixed-integer quadratically constrained programing problem. Gurobi uses the branch-and-bound...

... materials research and revolutionized the field of nanotechnology due to its extraordinary electronic properties. This has also opened up new avenues for emergent properties such as the topological Dirac states and room temperature integer quantum Hall effect (QHE) ( Geim and Novoselov, 2007...

... ( 2021 ). 10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100021 Chen , C.-L. , Lai , C.-T. , and Lee , J.-Y. , “ Transshipment model-based MILP (mixed-integer linear programming) formulation for targeting and design of hybrid power systems ,” Energy   65 , 550 – 559 ( 2014 ). 10.1016/j.energy.2013.11.021...

.... It studies the Quantum Hall Effect (integer and fractional) and superconductivity from phenomenological and microscopic perspectives. Magnetism and magnetic phenomena in solids via approximate solutions of the Hamiltonian model are also addressed. The book also discusses the topological aspects of materials...

.... It studies the Quantum Hall Effect (integer and fractional) and superconductivity from phenomenological and microscopic perspectives. Magnetism and magnetic phenomena in solids via approximate solutions of the Hamiltonian model are also addressed. The book also discusses the topological aspects of materials...

... et al. (2016) Mathematical programming methods Deterministic algorithms Transshipment model-based Mixed-integer linear program (MILP) PV/WT/Biomass/Battery Minimum outsourced electricity Enable to select technologies and consider resource availability with binary variables Being...

... as a whole. Fermions such as electrons in an atom are anti-symmetric, and any particle is identical. Dominant in force and matters in a microscopic world is super-symmetry (SUSY). SUSY is spacetime symmetry between two basic classes of particles: bosons, which have an integer-valued spin and follow Bose...

... given by the sequence {t_k}_k≥0, where k is an integer and t_k = t₀ + kΔ with t₀ = 0 as the initial time. Control problem formulation In the operation of a process...

... uncertain parameters since in many practical applications, a lot of uncertainty sources affect uncertain parameters according to Dehghani et al. (2020) . In addition, Nili et al. (2021) developed a multi-objective mixed integer non-linear optimization model to design a photovoltaic...

... into a graph or forget individual data points ( Brasell and Rowe, 1993 ). When entering pairs of values into a graph without context, 13- to 15-year-old students had more difficulty with non-integer values than with integer values. After the points have been entered in the graph, it is not always clear...

... was formulated as a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem. Evolutionary optimization This kind of optimization technique has been proposed to tackle complex multi-objective design problems since they are robust, easy to use, and have a high probability to get good results. In this field, Genetic...

... and straight ruler, with evenly spaced marks numbered off as integers, laid down alongside the path of motion of the object. We note the mark adjacent to the object at some instant in time, the mark adjacent to the object at a subsequent instant and take the difference to find displacement. Furthermore, we...

... in a lattice, called the charge ordering (CO). In strontium doped LaMnO₃, the difference in charges of alternate Mn ions is an integer and therefore termed as complete CO. However, in BaBiO₃ (BBO), some rare-earth nickelates and cobaltates, the charge difference is non-integer suggesting...