... n j ( 0 ) , where n_j(0) is the number of species j in the feed], T is the temperature, P is the system pressure, and subscript 0 stands for standard conditions. The thermodynamic model represented by Eq. ( 4.1 ) can be solved...

...Front Matter The digital revolution in the energy industry, known as Energy 4.0, is a paradigm shift that will affect the business models of power and energy utilities worldwide. Energy 4.0: Concepts and Applications presents an overview of diverse concepts associated with the fourth...

...The digital revolution in the energy industry, known as Energy 4.0, is a paradigm shift that will affect the business models of power and energy utilities worldwide. Energy 4.0: Concepts and Applications presents an overview of diverse concepts associated with the fourth industrial...

.... The inputs u are presented to the hybrid model, specifically to the first-principles model and the DNN. The inputs to the DNN are propagated through its layers and the network’s outputs are obtained at the final layer. Forward propagation equations are utilized to calculate the outputs of the DNN...

...Yang, S., Lei, H., and Liu, Z., “Modeling and simulation of solar photovoltaic (PV) system,” in Toward Better Photovoltaic Systems: Design, Simulation, Optimization, Analysis, and Operations, edited by J. Ren, C. He, and L. Dong (AIP Publishing, Melville, New York, 2023), pp. 1-1–1-28...

... – 586 ( 1988 ). 10.1207/s15516709cog1204_3 Clement , J. , Creative Model Construction in Scientists and Students: The Role of Imagery, Analogy, and Mental Simulation ( Springer , 2008 ). 10.1007/978-1-4020-6712-9 Collins , A. and Ferguson , W. , Educ. Psychol.   28 ( 1...

..., a transfer of energy through the medium where the building blocks of the medium oscillate in one place. (SO1b) Dominoes model, whereby molecules collide and transfer sound in two steps forward one step back kind of fashion, or like toppling dominoes. (SO2) Sound as a material entity. Students...

... not model, coach, or assess explication of reasoning or reflection because it was not necessary for them to solve introductory physics problems, although they are highly beneficial to introductory physics students. Lin et al. (2013) studied TAs' beliefs about learning and teaching problem-solving...

... with the TPACK framework. She put forward the TPACK-UDL framework for the needs of all learners. This model aims to enable teachers to remove barriers to learning (i.e., “racial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, aptitude, disability”) for specific student groups. Competencies described as 21st-century skills also...

.... 14.3 Axis representing how research has conceptualized learning goals in physics with respect to affect from least radical (most traditional) to most radical. FIG. 14.4 Connecting the two axes: relationships between models and goals. References References Abu-Lughod , L. and Lutz , C...

... ). 10.1002/tea.20324 Sullanmaa , J.   et al. , Curric. J.   30 , 244 – 263 ( 2019 ). 10.1080/09585176.2019.1607512 Swackhamer , G. , ( 2005 ), see http://modeling.la.asu.edu/modeling/CognitiveResources-Energy.pdf . Sztajn , P.   et al. , Educ. Res.   41 , 147 – 156 ( 2012...

.... Challenges in Physics Education , edited by H. E.   Fischer and R.   Girwidz ( Springer , Cham , 2022 ), pp. 55 – 81 . 10.1007/978-3-030-87391-2_3 van Kampen , P. , Concepts, Strategies and Models to Enhance Physics Teaching and Learning , edited by E.   McLoughlin and P...

...; Vygotskian perspective on learning Design Modeling relations and Knowledge distance Design Brief ( Leach et al., 2010 ). Sociocultural account of meaning-making on the social plane; Realist ontology Learning demand; and Communicative approach Educational reconstruction ( Duit et al...

... an equation from physical principles using logical reasoning Focus on mechanic or algorithmic manipulations Focus on physical interpretations or consequences Use arguments of authority, rote memorization of equations and rules Justify the use of specific mathematical structures to model physical...

... not always, follow a Design Based Research (DBR) (e.g., Barab and Squire, 2004 ) or Design Based Implementation Research (DBIR) ( Fishman et al., 2013 ) model. Both DBR and DBIR are conducted through partnerships of both researchers and practitioners and focus on problems of practice from multiple...

... using forward Euler integration ( Chabay and Sherwood, 2007 , 2008 ; and Caballero et al., 2012 ). Additionally, the emphasis on creating and coordinating different representational forms in modeling pedagogy tends to result in a significant focus on different ways to represent computational...

... is a deficit model ( Traxler et al., 2016 ). A similar critique has been put forward for the gap between white students and ERM students. The recommendation is to move beyond the “gap” framework (among others) ( Traxler et al., 2016 ). Regarding comparing women with men or ERM students...

... by K.   Tobin ( Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , Hillsdale, NJ , 1993 ), pp. 91 – 119 . Liu , X. , Using and Developing Measurement Instruments in Science Education: A Rasch Modeling Approach ( Information Age Publishing , 2010 ). Mazur , E. , Peer Instruction: A User’s Manual...