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...Fluorescence diffuse optical tomography fluorescence molecular tomography forward model inverse problem illumination detection biomarkers pre-clinical research translational imaging mesoscopic fluorescence molecular tomography Introduction Fluorescence imaging has been central...

...The atomic composition and structure of molecules determine the spectroscopic properties of substances, such as absorption, fluorescence emission, Raman scattering, and nonlinear optical processes. Labeling dyes possessing these contrasts can help visualize the morphology of cells and tissues, map...

...-20.118.305 Brecht , H. P. , Su , R. , Fronheiser , M. , Ermilov , S. A. , Conjusteau , A. , and Oraevsky , A. , “ Whole-body three-dimensional optoacoustic tomography system for small animals ,” J. Biomed. Opt.   14 , 064007 ( 2009 ). 10.1117/1.3259361 Cao , Y...

... transcriptomics for neuroscience in the era of molecular cell typing ,” Science   358 ( 6359 ), 64 – 69 ( 2017 ). 10.1126/science.aan6827 Leitgeb , R. A. , Werkmeister , R. M. , Blatter , C. , and Schmetterer , L. , “ Doppler optical coherence tomography ,” Prog. Retin. Eye Res.   41...

... analysis uses tissue-damaging needle biopsy and time-consuming specimen preparation. In 2017, Matsui et al. used the OMI to detect cancer cells in vivo based on the fluorescent signature pattern of the human colon and rectal mucosa. These patterns are generated by different...

... generation microscopy ,” Opt. Express   11 , 3093 – 3099 ( 2003 ). 10.1364/OE.11.003093 Deka , G. , Wu , W. W. , and Kao , F. J. , “ In vivo wound healing diagnosis with second harmonic and fluorescence lifetime imaging ,” J. Biomed. Opt.   18 , 061222 ( 2013 ). 10.1117/1.JBO...

... ). 10.1364/JOSA.43.000126 Stelzer , E. H. K. , “ Beyond the diffraction limit? ” Nature   417 , 806 – 807 ( 2002 ). 10.1038/417806a Stuker , F. , Ripoll , J. , and Rudin , M. , “ Fluorescence molecular tomography: Principles and potential for pharmaceutical research...

... coherence tomography could achieve a 2–3 mm imaging depth beneath the skin ( Fujimoto, 2003 ). But most of the fluorescent probes, especially fluorescent proteins, are designed to emit visible light. To excite the visible fluorescence by high penetration NIR photons, one needs an upconverting two-photon...

... processing, recordings from larger populations may lead to completely different insights. Fluorescence microscopy has made significant advances in visualizing the neural action potential. The discovery of the quantitative, spatial distribution, molecular characteristics, and connectivity of whole-brain cells...

... of the fluorescence proteins and transgene labeling, optical microscopy can report genes' transcription and expression activities. The protein markers can further differentiate the identity and status of cells. This molecular information facilitates the analysis of cellular composition and molecular hallmarks...

... ). 10.1038/417806a Stuker , F. , Ripoll , J. , and Rudin , M. , “ Fluorescence molecular tomography: Principles and potential for pharmaceutical research ,” Pharmaceutics   3 , 229 – 274 ( 2011 ). 10.3390/pharmaceutics3020229 Turcotte , R. , Liang , Y. , Tanimoto , M...

... structure imaging methods at different scales to perfectly record the 3D structures of target tissues at the cellular, tissue, organ, and organism levels. For whole-body scale imaging, one may employ x-ray/fluoro imaging, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The sub-millimeter...

.... , and Ntziachristos , V. , “ Performance dependence of hybrid x-ray computed tomography/fluorescence molecular tomography on the optical forward problem ,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A   26 ( 4 ), 919 ( 2009 ). 10.1364/JOSAA.26.000919 Irwin , D. , Dong , L. , Shang , Y. , Cheng , R. , Kudrimoti...