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Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_005
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
... by favorable regulations and public recognition in many countries. It provides a wide range of application possibilities and development potential. Solar photovoltaic systems are classified into four types based on collector technology ( Barlev et al., 2011 ), as indicated in Fig. 5.1 . The basic...
Book Chapter
Book: Toward Better Photovoltaic Systems: Design, Simulation, Optimization, Analysis, and Operations
Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425613_006
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2561-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2560-6
... be carefully controlled to avoid damage ( Mellit and Kalogirou, 2021 ). FIG. 6.1 Basic stand-alone PV configuration. The produced DC photovoltaic power can be simply estimated as follows ( Perpiñan et al., 2007 ): (6.1) P D C = G e f f η g A g Then, the produced AC power can...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425712_006
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
... D Oscillations E Electromagnetism F Fluids G Light: Geometric optics H Nuclear physics and radioactivity I Heat, temperature and kinetic theory FIG. 6.30 Questionnaire answers for groups VIR-T and EXP-T. FIG. 6.29 DAQ software for 1st (left) and 2nd (right) heat transfer...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_002
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
... the potential to form a significant platform involved in well drilling, methane production, hydrogen production, and carbon dioxide sequestration, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1 . Wang et al. (2017) and Sun et al. (2018) conducted an experimental replacement simulation of NGH exploitation...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_008
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
... m2 ANSYS pipe model: Geometry and mesh study The geometry of the pipe has been created in ANSYS via SpaceClaim. For the turbulent model, the k − ϵ realizable model with enhanced wall treatment has been used. Fig. 8.1 shows a 1 m pipe geometry and Fig. 8.2 depicts a steady-state...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_004
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
... on the lower heating value (LHV) of feed and product ( Spath and Mann, 2001 ). Figure 4.1 shows a diagram of a conventional SMR process for hydrogen generation. FIG. 4.1 Block flow diagram of conventional steam-methane reforming process for hydrogen generation. In contrast, adsorption enhanced reforming...
Images
in Control-Oriented Hybrid Modeling Framework for Building Thermal Modeling
> Energy Systems and ProcessesRecent Advances in Design and Control
Published: March 2023
FIG. 9.5 A two-day prediction with the identified model using approach 2 under input trajectories given in Fig. 9.4(b) . More about this image found in A two-day prediction with the identified model using approach 2 under input...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_010
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
... the relationship between the n SINDy models and their operating conditions, as shown in Fig. 10.1 . The resulting DNN is next employed online to provide a local SINDy model as an output for the given input of current operating condition (available process measurements). The selected local SINDy model...
Images
in Radioactivity, Radiation, and Particle Physics in General
> The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Learning Physics
Published: March 2023
FIG. 9.1 Students' conceptions about climate change resulting from the greenhouse effect (top) via sun rays (a) and heat rays (b) and by the ozone hole (bottom) via sun rays (a), perhaps because they become trapped beneath the ozone layer (b). Modified from Figs. 5 and 6 of Niebert and Gropeng... More about this image found in Students' conceptions about climate change resulting from the greenhouse ef...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_003
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
... that are different from each other. It is represented by a unified graph, as shown in Fig. 3.1 . FIG. 3.1 Separation process diagram. The mixing of substances in nature is a spontaneous process. Therefore, in order to separate the mixture into separate products, it is impossible to proceed spontaneously...
Book Chapter
Book: Toward Better Photovoltaic Systems: Design, Simulation, Optimization, Analysis, and Operations
Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425613_001
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2561-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2560-6
... to the generalized three-diode models ( Abbassi et al., 2019 ). FIG. 1.1 Equivalent circuit of PV cell ( Chaibi et al., 2018 ). FIG. 1.2 Equivalent circuit of (a) the ideal one-diode PV cell model, (b) and (c) simplified one-diode models, (d) practical one-diode model, (e) double-diode model...
Book
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
Book Chapter
Book: Toward Better Photovoltaic Systems: Design, Simulation, Optimization, Analysis, and Operations
Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425613_004
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2561-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2560-6
..., the global energy demands are constantly rising with year's variations, which can be seen in Fig. 4.1 . The increase in primary energy in 2021 is about 31.1 EJ, with China expanding by 10.0 EJ. And primary energy use in 2021 was 1.3% above 2019 levels. However, according to the energy structure of the world...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_011
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
... chip. Also, the microfibrils are not distributed homogeneously within the cell wall, resulting in different layers with different compositions. The plant cell wall is formed of primary and secondary layers as well as a middle lamella, as shown in Fig. 11.1 ( Iranmahboob et al., 2002 ; Socha...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_001
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
..., and even the production in the first two years will account for more than half of the estimated ultimate recovery [EUR, see Fig. 1.1(a) ]. At the same time, the compositions of wellhead products from different gas wells may vary significantly, and even the wellhead product from the same well may change...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_012
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
... them further. Proppant remains in the fractures once the fluid leaks off into the formation. This trapped proppant acts as a conducive medium for the extraction of oil and gas. A schematic representation of the fracturing process is shown in Fig. 12.1 . FIG. 12.1 Illustration of three stages...
Book Chapter
Book: Toward Better Photovoltaic Systems: Design, Simulation, Optimization, Analysis, and Operations
Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425613_007
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2561-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2560-6
..., for smart cities, to promote energy conservation ( Liang et al., 2020 ). With the concept of “smart earth” proposed in 2009, many countries such as the U.S., Japan, and Singapore have begun planning the development of smart cities ( Liang et al., 2020 ). FIG. 7.1 Graphical illustration...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425712_007
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
... spring. The interval between two shots is always the same. During the photo-shoot, the photo-block moves horizontally with constant speed. In this way, the photo shows how the vertical displacement changes with respect to time. Fig. 4.29: Oscillation of a spring and the car body without using...
Book
Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425613
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2561-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2560-6
Images
in Fluids in Equilibrium and Hydrodynamics
> The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Learning Physics
Published: March 2023
FIG. 2.1 Analysis of the literature. More about this image found in Analysis of the literature.
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