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Book Chapter

Radiation Effects on β-Ga2O3 Materials and Devices

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Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: February 2023
10.1063/9780735425033_012
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2503-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2500-2
... available radiation simulation codes as a function of particle type, energy, and dose for almost every radiation source. Among these, the most common calculations that can replicate the radiation conditions are simulations called stopping and range of ions in matter (SRIM) and transport of ions in matter...
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Book Chapter
Book cover for The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Learning Physics

Radioactivity, Radiation, and Particle Physics in General

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Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477_009
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
... dangerous, regardless of the dose, many students described x rays as being harmless since they are used in medicine ( Neumann, 2013 ). Some researchers have focused upon students' conceptions about radiation in general. Students and people in general associate radiation with danger; however, this perception...
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Book cover for The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Learning Physics

The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Learning Physics

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Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
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Book Chapter

High Breakdown Voltage β-Ga2O3 Schottky Diodes

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Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: February 2023
10.1063/9780735425033_008
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2503-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2500-2
... approach adopted by β-Ga2O3 SBDs is the creation of intrinsic defects by high-dose ion bombardment of either an inert species [e.g., He or Ar ( Alok et al., 1994 )], a dopant, or the host elements to form trap levels in the bandgap [Fig. 8.11(a) ]. The other approach...
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Book Chapter

Future Prospect of β-Ga2O3: Materials, Devices and Circuit Applications

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Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: February 2023
10.1063/9780735425033_013
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2503-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2500-2
... a high radiation tolerance. As an example, the highest dose gamma radiation exposure [230 kGy(SiO2)] in ( Wong et al., 2017b ) did not degrade the Ga2O3 MOSFET maximum current density or its on-resistance. This confirms that both the carrier concentration and mobility were...
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Book Chapter

Lateral Transistors on β-Ga2O3: Overview on Design, Technology, and Characterization

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Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: February 2023
10.1063/9780735425033_010
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2503-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2500-2
... cm2/Vs, respectively. Multiple Ge+ implantations were carried out at room temperature to form a 50-nm-deep box profile with an average Ge+ concentration of 5 × 1019 cm−3 using ion energies of 150 and 50 keV with corresponding doses of 2.7 × 1014...
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Images
U-shaped dose response curve for manganese (Mn). These fitted curves indicate the probability of an adverse event based on excess and deficiency data derived from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2019) compared with exposure rates of milligrams of Mn per kilogram body weight per day (mg kg−1 day−1). The dashed curve shows predicted probability of an adverse deficiency event based on the joint model for excess and deficiency (JMED). The solid curve shows predicted probability of an adverse excess intake event based on the JMED mode (Milton et al., 2017).

U-shaped dose response curve for manganese (Mn). These fitted curves indica...

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in Water Pollution Physics > Methods and Calculations in Environmental Physics
Published: September 2022
FIG. 6.5 U-shaped dose response curve for manganese (Mn). These fitted curves indicate the probability of an adverse event based on excess and deficiency data derived from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2019) compared with exposure rates of milligrams of Mn per kilogram body weight More about this image found in U-shaped dose response curve for manganese (Mn). These fitted curves indica...
Images
Continuum of dose types from potential to biologically effective via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal pathways [McCurdy (1997), Vallero et al. (2010), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2012), EPA (2017), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2017), and Smith (2020)].

Continuum of dose types from potential to biologically effective via inhala...

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in Environmental Health Physics > Applications and Calculations in Environmental Physics
Published: August 2022
FIG. 2.3 Continuum of dose types from potential to biologically effective via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal pathways [ McCurdy (1997) , Vallero et al. (2010) , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2012) , EPA (2017) , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2017) , and Smith More about this image found in Continuum of dose types from potential to biologically effective via inhala...
Images
Hypothetical dose–response curves. The solid line curve represents the “no-threshold” curve, which predicts an adverse response no matter how low the dose. Here, the low-dose end of the curve, i.e., below which observational data are available, is assumed to be linear and crosses through the origin, i.e., zero effect-zero dose. Thus, the solid line curve represents a linearized multistage model. The dashed curve represents an adverse effect only above a certain threshold, i.e., the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) or no observable effect concentration (NOAEC) if inhaled. Below these thresholds, there is a dose that is not expected to elicit an adverse response; in this case, the model predicts a NOAEL at about 10 ng kg−1. The lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs) are shown for both curves. Note that both curves have a part of the curve at doses below the LOAEL, so both curves require a model to extrapolate the unobserved curve below this dose (Vallero, 2010).

Hypothetical dose–response curves. The solid line curve represents the “no-...

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in Environmental Health Physics > Applications and Calculations in Environmental Physics
Published: August 2022
FIG. 2.4 Hypothetical dose–response curves. The solid line curve represents the “no-threshold” curve, which predicts an adverse response no matter how low the dose. Here, the low-dose end of the curve, i.e., below which observational data are available, is assumed to be linear and crosses through More about this image found in Hypothetical dose–response curves. The solid line curve represents the “no-...
Images
Options for extrapolation from observed measurements in a prototypical dose–response curve. Exposure to harmful agents is represented on the x axis and the corresponding dose is represented on the y axis. A “no-threshold” model assumes that there is no safe level of exposure to that substance, so the curve intersects the x axis at 0 (Seong et al., 2016).

Options for extrapolation from observed measurements in a prototypical dose...

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in Environmental Health Physics > Applications and Calculations in Environmental Physics
Published: August 2022
FIG. 2.5 Options for extrapolation from observed measurements in a prototypical dose–response curve. Exposure to harmful agents is represented on the x axis and the corresponding dose is represented on the y axis. A “no-threshold” model assumes that there is no safe level More about this image found in Options for extrapolation from observed measurements in a prototypical dose...
Images
Construction of a reference dose (RfD) with the availability of new data. Curve A shows that based on less reliability, the high level of uncertainty moves the RfD far from the dose–response curve's threshold, i.e., no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) as a factor of safety. Curve B shows that new data improve the dose–response curve and show that the adverse effects are not as potent as assumed from the scarce measurements, so the curve shapes change with the NOAEL moving to the right and decreasing uncertainty moves the RfD closer to the NOAEL. Curve C shows what happens when new data show that the adverse effects are more severe than assumed from the original dataset, so the curve changes the shape of both RfD and NOAEL and they move to the left. However, since additional data decrease the uncertainty, the distance between the RfD and the NOAEL shortens. Note that RfD could move to the right while the NOAEL moves the left if the new data are so reliable that the uncertainty decreases more than the new data move the threshold.

Construction of a reference dose (RfD) with the availability of new data. C...

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in Environmental Health Physics > Applications and Calculations in Environmental Physics
Published: August 2022
FIG. 2.8 Construction of a reference dose (RfD) with the availability of new data. Curve A shows that based on less reliability, the high level of uncertainty moves the RfD far from the dose–response curve's threshold, i.e., no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) as a factor of safety. Curve B More about this image found in Construction of a reference dose (RfD) with the availability of new data. C...
Images
(a) Illustration of the single molecule with a large transistor (SiMoT) device structure, (b) human-immunoglobulin-G (H-IgG) curve in phosphate-buffer-saline solution in the 0–100 zM range. (c) Dose curve of human-immunoglobulin-G added into the whole real bovine blood serum (red squares) in the 0.6–6 × 107 zM range. In the control experiment, human-immunoglobulin-M was used (black circles) instead of anti-human-immunoglobulin-G capturing antibodies used for the sensing. The continuous red line is the theoretical curve based on Poisson distribution probability to model single-binding events.

(a) Illustration of the single molecule with a large transistor (SiMoT) dev...

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in Biochemical Sensing > Introduction to BioelectronicsMaterials, Devices, and Applications
Published: November 2022
FIG. 5.10 (a) Illustration of the single molecule with a large transistor (SiMoT) device structure, (b) human-immunoglobulin-G (H-IgG) curve in phosphate-buffer-saline solution in the 0–100 zM range. (c) Dose curve of human-immunoglobulin-G added into the whole real bovine blood serum (red More about this image found in (a) Illustration of the single molecule with a large transistor (SiMoT) dev...
Book Chapter
Book cover for Introduction to Bioelectronics: Materials, Devices, and Applications

Electronically Controlled Drug Delivery

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Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: November 2022
10.1063/9780735424470_006
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2447-0
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2444-9
... release, and adjust dose of drug delivered. When the drug delivery system is able to adapt its dose and performance in real-time based on feedbacks received from sensors and monitoring devices, it is referred to as closed-loop systems, while those that are pre-programmed to operate based on certain...
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Book cover for Introduction to Bioelectronics: Materials, Devices, and Applications

Biochemical Sensing

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Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: November 2022
10.1063/9780735424470_005
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2447-0
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2444-9
... are not equivalent. In fact, the latter is equal to the slope of the dose–response curve. Moreover, the limit of quantification (LOQ) is estimated by taking k = 10 in the LOD definition. The quantification range can be expressed as the concentration range, including the higher and lower limit...
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Book Chapter
Book cover for Inside Energy Storage Materials: Diffraction and Spectroscopic Methods for Battery Research

Instrument Design

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Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: November 2022
10.1063/9780735424197_003
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2419-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2416-6
... and even died as a result of their work with x-rays. It is as a direct result of these serious early issues that the systems we use now are extremely safe, with radiation shielding, mechanical interlocks, and leakage tests protecting us by reducing and monitoring the radiation dose we may be exposed...
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Book
Book cover for Introduction to Bioelectronics: Materials, Devices, and Applications

Introduction to Bioelectronics: Materials, Devices, and Applications

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Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: November 2022
10.1063/9780735424470
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2447-0
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2444-9
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Book cover for Introduction to Bioelectronics: Materials, Devices, and Applications

Biocompatibility and the Biotic/Abiotic Interface—An overview of the Challenges Presented When Interfacing Electronics with Biology and Strategies to Minimize Foreign Body Response

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Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: November 2022
10.1063/9780735424470_002
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2447-0
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2444-9
... ). While drug delivery or stimulation systems can, to some degree, increase the dose to deliver through the capsule, recording devices require an intimate interface with the tissue to function adequately. An FBR capsule forms a high impedance barrier while also displacing neurons away from electrodes...
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Book
Book cover for Inside Energy Storage Materials: Diffraction and Spectroscopic Methods for Battery Research

Inside Energy Storage Materials: Diffraction and Spectroscopic Methods for Battery Research

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Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: November 2022
10.1063/9780735424197
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2419-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2416-6
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Book Chapter

Environmental Health Physics

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Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: August 2022
10.1063/9780735424913_002
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2491-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2488-3
... is expressed as a half-life. For example, a 20 s half-life decay means the potential exposure per dose would be about 200 s. Thus, after 4 min, decay would be complete if the product and any progeny isotopes are not radioactive. However, two additional major factors determine potential adverse effects...
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Book Chapter

Role of Physics in Risk and Exposure Assessment

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Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: August 2022
10.1063/9780735424913_003
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2491-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2488-3
...Introduction As discussed in Chap. 2, the absorbed dose is the mass or volume of a substance that enters an organism. The biologically effective dose is the amount of contaminants or their metabolites that reaches a particular organ. For example, hepatotoxin harms the liver, so only the mass...
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