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![(a) Multi-frame averaged STEM image of silicon measured with [110] zone axi...](https://aipp.silverchair-cdn.com/aipp/content_public/books/145/parts/chapter5/1/s_9780735425590_005_f5-14.jpeg?Expires=2147483647&Signature=AzG6znZL0YxQaJxP7B8eXmUcxk4sm89vZ6ltcC7r7x1TI0UcMeqcE4c8de4j8k5UqezomgxSal3aLlX5JqAJOy-zpheVWINfkF~Tpxhhq-wIua8Ss5bF9m4fIT4cWH--vGiEaYB~nYALNgzJh8cbTnGkIUvIXZV7Xix56qCaSnwJF25t~RJfVAHDxQUV4sPeI9PDNiM3huMZW4x4PNCtJX5ZCidICPhOiXsJb-Qe3EkmNrX5abNHNtVkhRiKMNTI54aHsLJX07uTMnhiOVQxze5e86DaY1R8OgqRgOd6jNnaFZiRLn-ncxNVUEEZxVrIlaCAyW0tIDetqIGAT-hDzQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA)
1-20 of 352 Search Results for
deviation
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Images
in Heliostat Field Aiming Strategy Optimization with Post-Installation Calibration
> Energy Systems and ProcessesRecent Advances in Design and Control
Published: March 2023
FIG. 5.3 A schematic of heliostat geometric deviation. More about this image found in A schematic of heliostat geometric deviation.
Images
in Microscopic-Strain-Related Phenomena in Functional Oxides
> Strain Engineering in Functional Materials and Devices
Published: March 2023
FIG. 5.14 (a) Multi-frame averaged STEM image of silicon measured with [110] zone axis and histogram of inter-atomic distance along the (b) x and (c) y direction ( Yankovich et al., 2014 ). The scale bar in (a) is 400 pm. The error bars in (b) and (c) are the square root of the frequency, the curves are the best-fit normal distributions, and σ represents the standard deviations. Reproduced with permission from Yankovich et al., Nat. Commun. 5 , 4155 (2014). Copyright 2014 Springer Nature. More about this image found in (a) Multi-frame averaged STEM image of silicon measured with [110] zone axi...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_005
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
..., one reality that may go unnoticed is that actual focusing spots on targets frequently differ from the designed values due to heliostat surface geometry deviations caused during the manufacturing, assembling, and field installation processes. As a result, the effectiveness of an optimized aiming...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425712_013
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
... 10 100 3 33 52 RP_4 10 100 3 32 41 RP_5 10 98 3 35 42 RP_6 11 98 3 35 38 Table 13.2 Preschool (PV) and primary (RP) teachers’ achievements on exams. Exam Arithmetic mean in % Standard deviation in % Arithmetic mean in % Standard deviation...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425514_024
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2551-4
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2548-4
... p is the average score of the item. KR-20 gives a good approximation of the test reliability and can be used to calculate the standard error of measurement (SEM) as S E M = σ x 1 − R where σx is the standard deviation of test scores, and R is the test...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_007
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
... time. The performance index in MPC is usually a quadratic, which penalizes the deviation of the system state and input from the optimal set-point. A typical performance index used in MPC is as follows: (7.4) l ( x , u ) = ( x − x s ) T Q ( x − x s ) + ( u − u s...
Book
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
Book Chapter
Book: Toward Better Photovoltaic Systems: Design, Simulation, Optimization, Analysis, and Operations
Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425613_005
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2561-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2560-6
... coefficient is beneficial to the mean PV cell output power and fill factor (FF); the smaller the series resistance, the larger the parallel resistance as well as the mean and standard deviation of the output power and FF; under normal operating conditions, the lower the mean surface temperature of a PV cell...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425514_023
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2551-4
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2548-4
... be bundled with the primary intervention. Optimally, for the treatment condition, these descriptions would include standard implementation requirements as well as allowable deviations from standard implementation (if applicable). Further, reporting the format, duration, and intensity of the primary...
Book Chapter
Book: Toward Better Photovoltaic Systems: Design, Simulation, Optimization, Analysis, and Operations
Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425613_006
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2561-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2560-6
... and standard deviation, respectively. The lower and upper values were calculated through the ratio between the predicted and measured power at normal operating conditions. To compute the lower and upper values, the measured power from a PV array is employed with the ones predicted by the one-diode model (which...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425590_009
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2559-0
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2556-9
... diagram by Landin and Ågren (1994) exhibits no significant deviation from the binary phase equilibria ( Van der Goot and Buschow, 1970 and Dariel et al., 1976 ) and therefore indicating a pseudobinary behavior of the Tb–Dy–Fe system. These authors (Landin and Ågren, 1994 ) did not use any...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425712_010
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
... out a detailed uncertainty analysis of their measurements, computing means and standard deviations and propagating uncertainties into a final calculated quantity ( Taylor, 1997 ). Students may be expected to perform such calculations in addition to collecting data and writing lab reports. In pursuit...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425590_005
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2559-0
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2556-9
... image obtained using this method [Fig. 5.14(a) ], they reported that precision, or the standard deviation of the measured inter-atomic distance [Figs. 5.14(b) and 5.14(c) ], of below 1 pm could be archived ( Yankovich et al., 2014 ). FIG. 5.14 (a) Multi-frame averaged STEM image...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425712_019
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
... is. It normalizes the average raw gain in a population by the standard deviation in individuals' raw scores ( Madsen et al., 2017a ). Cohen's d is calculated as follows: d = 〈 post test 〉 − 〈 pre test 〉 St Dev Cohen's d can be small (~0.2), medium (~0.5), and large (~0.8...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_001
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
... ( n ′ ) n ′ ] ≥ 1 − α where 1 − α is the confidence level; zα/2 is the standard deviation such that 1 − α/2 is subjected to a standard normal distribute variable z ∼ (0, 1), P(z...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_008
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
...) for the multiplication simulation, we obtain the result in Figs. 8.16 – 8.17 labeled “Quantum, Noise.” This result significantly deviates from the others. All of these simulations were performed with a single “shot” as it is called in the IBM Quantum Experience, which is the number of times that a quantum algorithm...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_011
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
... for the weights of deviation of Kappa number and DP from their respective set-points (sp), which states the importance of attaining the targets for CWT over the Kappa number, A, B, and C are the matrices for the dynamic state-space model, Ti...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425712_018
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
.... Deviations are expected and even desired in many cases, but certain boundaries and milestones need to be set up in advance in order to keep student learning on track. A number of active-learning physics pedagogies adopt this approach. Among them is Interactive Lecture Demonstration (ILD) ( Sokoloff...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477_018
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
... for how to calculate standard deviation and then discuss when we would use it and why. Could we teach the decision-making skills before the procedure? There is also a question of the appropriate learning progressions within each type of skill. For example, what technical and practical skills should...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425514_011
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2551-4
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2548-4
..., the scores in between can provide challenges. Early scales were normative, using statements with possible answers that covered a range of answers from “good” to “bad,” but some deviated from this assumption. Among several attempts to refine this type of questionnaire, some maintain the scale but weaken...
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