FIG. 2.4 System boundary of (a) integrated system (blue dashed line) and (b) methane reforming subsystem (red dashed line). More about this image found in System boundary of (a) integrated system (blue dashed line) and (b) methane...

FIG. 3.6 Solubility of CH₄ in seven pure ILs at a temperature of 273.15 K. Lines, results predicted by the Mod. UNIFAC-Lei model; scattered points, experimental data. (red up triangle) [EMIM][BF₄]; (black square box) [BMIM][PF₆]; (green down triangle) [BMIM][BF₄]; (blue circle) [OMIM][PF₆]; (magenta star) [BMIM][Tf₂N]; (blue diamond) [OMIM][BF₄]; (white square box) [OMIM][Tf₂N]. Reprinted with permission from Yu et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 57 (20), 7064–7076 (2018b). Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society. More about this image found in Solubility of CH₄ in seven pure ILs at a temperature of 273.15 K...

FIG. 3.5 Solubility of CH₄ in pure [BMIM][PF₆] (a), [OMIM][PF₆] (b), [EMIM][BF₄] (c), [BMIM][BF₄] (d), [OMIM][BF₄] (e), [BMIM][Tf₂N] (f), and [OMIM][Tf₂N] (g) at different temperatures. Lines, results predicted by the Mod. UNIFAC-Lei model; scattered points, experimental data. (black square box) 353.15 K; (red circle) 333.15 K; (green up triangle) 313.15 K; (blue down triangle) 293.15 K; (rose square box) 273.15 K; (blue circle) 258.15 K; (purple triangle) 243.15 K. Reprinted with permission from Yu et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 57 (20), 7064–7076 (2018b). Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society. More about this image found in Solubility of CH₄ in pure [BMIM][PF₆] (a), [OMIM][PF...

FIG. 3.5 Solubility of CH₄ in pure [BMIM][PF₆] (a), [OMIM][PF₆] (b), [EMIM][BF₄] (c), [BMIM][BF₄] (d), [OMIM][BF₄] (e), [BMIM][Tf₂N] (f), and [OMIM][Tf₂N] (g) at different temperatures. Lines, results predicted by the Mod. UNIFAC-Lei model; scattered points, experimental data. (black square box) 353.15 K; (red circle) 333.15 K; (green up triangle) 313.15 K; (blue down triangle) 293.15 K; (rose square box) 273.15 K; (blue circle) 258.15 K; (purple triangle) 243.15 K. Reprinted with permission from Yu et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 57 (20), 7064–7076 (2018b). Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society. More about this image found in Solubility of CH₄ in pure [BMIM][PF₆] (a), [OMIM][PF...

FIG. 3.2 Nucleation and growth of a stable nucleus which eventually evolves as a continuous layer after having merged with other surviving nuclei. Nuclei (blue) having radii smaller than that of the critical nucleus disintegrate over time and therefore do not survive. More about this image found in Nucleation and growth of a stable nucleus which eventually evolves as a con...

FIG. 3.16 Evolution of (a) radiative recombination rate ( R spon ) (b) carrier wavefunction overlap ( ∫ Ψ e ( z ) Ψ h ( z ) d z ) and (c) peak emission wavelength λ p with injceted carriers. As evident, the cancelation of QCSE results in blue... More about this image found in Evolution of (a) radiative recombination rate ( R spon ) (b)...

FIG. 3.14 Structure of typical III-nitride LEDs. Device operation depends on the lateral current injection. The buffer layer is grown on a substrate at low temperatures to accommodate high lattice mismatch. (a) InGaN MQW-based LEDs for blue/green/yellow LEDs. AlGaN-based electron blocking layer is used to prevent injected electrons from escaping the active region. (b) AlGaN MQW-based UV LEDs. p-GaN is grown on p-AlGaN to prevent oxidation of aluminum. More about this image found in Structure of typical III-nitride LEDs. Device operation depends on the late...

FIG. 3.9 Paper-based piezoresistive force sensor. (a) Schematic diagram of a paper-based force sensor using a carbon resistor (shown in black) as the sensing component, contact pads shown in silver ink (shown in blue) with perforation of fold lines made by a laser cutter; (b) folded sensor; and (c) force–deflection curve of unfolded and folded cantilever. Reprinted with permission from Liu et al., Lab Chip 11 (13), 2189 (2011). Copyright 2011 Royal Society of Chemistry. More about this image found in Paper-based piezoresistive force sensor. (a) Schematic diagram of a paper-b...

FIG. 7.24 (a) Two-axis MEMS mirror and grating based 1 × N wavelength router ( Stepanovsky, 2019 ). (b) A switchable wavelength add-drop filter array implemented using coupling-gap tuning of ring resonators ( Takahashi et al., 2008 ). (c) Frequency tuning of ring resonator by changing the perimeter of the ring ( Chu and Hane, 2014 ). (d) A ring resonator tuned by the proximity of a beam near the ring ( Yao et al., 2007 ). (e) Tuning of a ring resonator by bending the ring to the proximity of a high refractive index rim ( Errando-Herranz et al., 2015 ). (f) MEMS tuned microsphere switch ( Blue et al., 2011 ). More about this image found in (a) Two-axis MEMS mirror and grating based 1 × N wavelength router ( Stepan...