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MOEM tunable grating/photonic crystal coupler tuned by (a) bending (Errando-Herranz et al., 2017) or rotation (Miniaturized MEMS Grating Spectrometer, 2021) and (b) stretching (Shih et al., 2003; and Cui et al., 2011).

MOEM tunable grating/photonic crystal coupler tuned by (a) bending ( Errand...

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in Optical MEMS (Microspheres and Ring Resonators): Overview of Recent Progress > MEMS Applications in Electronics and Engineering
Published: March 2023
FIG. 7.16 MOEM tunable grating/photonic crystal coupler tuned by (a) bending ( Errando-Herranz et al., 2017 ) or rotation ( Miniaturized MEMS Grating Spectrometer, 2021 ) and (b) stretching ( Shih et al., 2003 ; and Cui et al., 2011 ). More about this image found in MOEM tunable grating/photonic crystal coupler tuned by (a) bending ( Errand...
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Schematic representation of band bending at the surface of a n-type MOx under (a) vacuum and (b) air.

Schematic representation of band bending at the surface of a n-type MO...

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in Emerging Trends in MEMS/NEMS Based Technologies for Gas Sensing Applications > MEMS Applications in Electronics and Engineering
Published: March 2023
FIG. 8.5 Schematic representation of band bending at the surface of a n-type MOx under (a) vacuum and (b) air. More about this image found in Schematic representation of band bending at the surface of a n-type MO...
Images
(a) Optical image of VO2 beam with one side clamped on quartz substrate (Fan et al., 2009); (b) optical image of VO2 beam on bending from the edge, shows initiation of phase transition (arrow marked) (Fan et al., 2009); and (c) force v/s bending displacement plot, shows the nucleation of R phase at the kinks (arrow marked) with displacement (Fan et al., 2009).

(a) Optical image of VO2 beam with one side clamped on quartz su...

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in Strain Engineering of Metal Insulator Transition in VO2 > Strain Engineering in Functional Materials and Devices
Published: March 2023
FIG. 4.7 (a) Optical image of VO2 beam with one side clamped on quartz substrate ( Fan et al., 2009 ); (b) optical image of VO2 beam on bending from the edge, shows initiation of phase transition (arrow marked) ( Fan et al., 2009 ); and (c) force v/s More about this image found in (a) Optical image of VO2 beam with one side clamped on quartz su...
Images
(a) Micromachined interferometric accelerometer showing the two optical beams, one from the diffraction grating and second from the mirror, which will interfere at the photodetector. (b) SiN nanobeam pair acting as “zipper” photonic crystal optomechanical cavity for accelerometry (Krause et al., 2012). (c) Microdisk coupled to cantilever acting as a force sensor (Doolin et al., 2014). The cantilever can deflect in both out-of-plane and in-plane mechanical modes. This results in the modulation of the disk's optical resonance frequency and is read out optically using a coupled fiber. (d) Split beam nano-cavity torque sensor (Wu et al., 2014) showing the three degrees of freedom. One is out-of-plane rotation of the suspended mirror about the torsion beam, the second is in-plane bending about the torsion beam, and the third is out-of-plane bending of the cantilever mirror.

(a) Micromachined interferometric accelerometer showing the two optical bea...

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in Optical MEMS (Microspheres and Ring Resonators): Overview of Recent Progress > MEMS Applications in Electronics and Engineering
Published: March 2023
using a coupled fiber. (d) Split beam nano-cavity torque sensor ( Wu et al., 2014 ) showing the three degrees of freedom. One is out-of-plane rotation of the suspended mirror about the torsion beam, the second is in-plane bending about the torsion beam, and the third is out-of-plane bending More about this image found in (a) Micromachined interferometric accelerometer showing the two optical bea...
Images
(a) Gradient force between evanescently coupled freestanding waveguides (Cai et al., 2012) resulting in bending. (b) Radiation pressure-based actuation using momentum transfer from reflected photons in a Fabry–Perot cavity to study the coupling of optomechanical effect with mechanical motion/vibration (Kippenberg and Vahala, 2008). (c) Electrically and optically heated hot-arm cold-arm type actuator (Serrano and Phinney, 2008).

(a) Gradient force between evanescently coupled freestanding waveguides ( C...

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in Optical MEMS (Microspheres and Ring Resonators): Overview of Recent Progress > MEMS Applications in Electronics and Engineering
Published: March 2023
FIG. 7.11 (a) Gradient force between evanescently coupled freestanding waveguides ( Cai et al., 2012 ) resulting in bending. (b) Radiation pressure-based actuation using momentum transfer from reflected photons in a Fabry–Perot cavity to study the coupling of optomechanical effect More about this image found in (a) Gradient force between evanescently coupled freestanding waveguides ( C...
Images
Cross-sectional STEM images of YBCO with BZO [(a)–(d)] and strain maps determined by peak-pairs analysis of cross-sectional STEM images [(e)–(i)] (Llordés et al., 2012). (a) and (b) Low-magnification and high-magnification image showing the bending of YBCO planes around BZO. (c) and (d) High-resolution images showing the interface between two different BZO particles with two different orientations and matrix. (e) Z-contrast image from which the strain maps were generated; the red arrows indicate two close intergrowths. (f) Grid obtained by peak-pairs analysis from the image of (e), the red rectangle indicates the region of the image taken as reference. (g)–(i) εxx, εyy, and εxY maps, respectively.

Cross-sectional STEM images of YBCO with BZO [(a)–(d)] and strain maps dete...

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in Microscopic-Strain-Related Phenomena in Functional Oxides > Strain Engineering in Functional Materials and Devices
Published: March 2023
FIG. 5.12 Cross-sectional STEM images of YBCO with BZO [(a)–(d)] and strain maps determined by peak-pairs analysis of cross-sectional STEM images [(e)–(i)] ( Llordés et al., 2012 ). (a) and (b) Low-magnification and high-magnification image showing the bending of YBCO planes around BZO More about this image found in Cross-sectional STEM images of YBCO with BZO [(a)–(d)] and strain maps dete...
Images
(a) Vertical pendulum tilt sensor (Dong et al., 2005) with three fiber Bragg gratings attached to three cantilevers. A tilt of the pendulum leads to bending of the cantilevers depending on the direction of the tilt. This leads the attached fiber Bragg grating to strain and change its reflection spectrum. (b) Schematic of a MEMS ring laser gyroscope with movable mirrors and lens. (Hashimoto et al., 2009). (c) Schematic of a passive resonant optical gyroscope using a fiber ring. The phase modulators are driven by antiphase triangular waves to reduce parasitic effects and allow the readout of Sagnac phase shift as amplitude at photodetector (Jin et al., 2007).

(a) Vertical pendulum tilt sensor ( Dong et al., 2005 ) wi...

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in Optical MEMS (Microspheres and Ring Resonators): Overview of Recent Progress > MEMS Applications in Electronics and Engineering
Published: March 2023
FIG. 7.19 (a) Vertical pendulum tilt sensor ( Dong et al., 2005 ) with three fiber Bragg gratings attached to three cantilevers. A tilt of the pendulum leads to bending of the cantilevers depending on the direction of the tilt. This leads the attached fiber Bragg grating to strain More about this image found in (a) Vertical pendulum tilt sensor ( Dong et al., 2005 ) wi...
Images
(a) Two-axis MEMS mirror and grating based 1 × N wavelength router (Stepanovsky, 2019). (b) A switchable wavelength add-drop filter array implemented using coupling-gap tuning of ring resonators (Takahashi et al., 2008). (c) Frequency tuning of ring resonator by changing the perimeter of the ring (Chu and Hane, 2014). (d) A ring resonator tuned by the proximity of a beam near the ring (Yao et al., 2007). (e) Tuning of a ring resonator by bending the ring to the proximity of a high refractive index rim (Errando-Herranz et al., 2015). (f) MEMS tuned microsphere switch (Blue et al., 2011).

(a) Two-axis MEMS mirror and grating based 1 × N wavelength router ( Stepan...

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in Optical MEMS (Microspheres and Ring Resonators): Overview of Recent Progress > MEMS Applications in Electronics and Engineering
Published: March 2023
the perimeter of the ring ( Chu and Hane, 2014 ). (d) A ring resonator tuned by the proximity of a beam near the ring ( Yao et al., 2007 ). (e) Tuning of a ring resonator by bending the ring to the proximity of a high refractive index rim ( Errando-Herranz et al., 2015 ). (f) MEMS tuned More about this image found in (a) Two-axis MEMS mirror and grating based 1 × N wavelength router ( Stepan...
Book Chapter

Strain Engineering of Metal Insulator Transition in VO2

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Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425590_004
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2559-0
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2556-9
...) resistance–temperature plot; and (d) corresponding differential resistance plot showing occurrences of resistance drop at different temperatures for varied VO2 film thickness ( Fan et al., 2014 ). Bending Applied stress on VO2 in the form of static strain or high frequency...
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Scaling Law

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Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735424395_002
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2439-5
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2436-4
... ∝ L3, hence from Eq. ( 2.1 ). (2.16) δ ∝ L 2 which implies that the deflection under self-weight becomes quite low as the length is decreased. Similarly, consider the bending stress due to the self-weight of the beam. While designing the beam, the maximum bending stress must be kept below...
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References

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Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
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EISBN: 978-0-7354-2439-5
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2436-4
... ). 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.05.048 Hermans , R. I. , Dueck , B. , Ndieyira , J. W. , McKendry , R. A. , and Aeppli , G. , “ Optical diffraction for measurements of nano-mechanical bending ,” Sci. Rep.   6 , 1 – 12 ( 2016 ). 10.1038/srep26690 Huard , C. M. , Zhang...
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Book cover for MEMS Applications in Electronics and Engineering

Optical MEMS (Microspheres and Ring Resonators): Overview of Recent Progress

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Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735424395_007
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2439-5
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2436-4
... ) Circulators required Complete power extraction using two resonators ( Manolatou et al. 1999) Subwavelength patterning Well established Characteristics Narrow linewidth Sharp bends High light-matter interaction Deep, periodic and uniform subwavelength structures Relatively...
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Recent Progress in Cantilever-Based Sensors: An Overview of Application and Fabrication Techniques

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Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735424395_003
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2439-5
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2436-4
... with permission from Zhao and Sun, Sensors 18 (2), 451 (2018). Copyright 2018 MDPI. Torsional method The deflection measurement techniques that are presently available or commercialized have mainly considered the vertical motion of the cantilevers. Recently, researchers have observed that the lateral bending...
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References

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Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
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EISBN: 978-0-7354-2559-0
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2556-9
... ( 2011 ). 10.1063/1.3665640 Rajeswaran , B. and Umarji , A. M. , “ Effect of W addition on the electrical switching of VO2 thin films ,” AIP. Adv.   6 , 2 ( 2016 ). 10.1063/1.4944855 Rúa , A. , Fernández , F. E. , and Sepúlveda , N. , “ Bending...
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Emerging Trends in MEMS/NEMS Based Technologies for Gas Sensing Applications

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Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735424395_008
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2439-5
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2436-4
..., as depicted in Fig. 8.5(b) . The extraction of electrons by oxygen creates a region in the vicinity of the MOx surface, which is depleted of electrons. This local depletion region results in the creation of highly dense surface states, leading to fermi-level pinning. Band bending in that case...
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References

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Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
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EISBN: 978-0-7354-2559-0
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2556-9
.... , “ Improvement of bending strength via introduced (Dy,Tb)Cu phase at grain boundary on giant magnetostrictive Tb-Dy-Fe alloy by diffusing Dy-Cu alloys ,” J. Alloys Compd.   826 , 153959 ( 2020 ). 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.153959 Zhu , J. H. , Liaw , P. K. , Pike , L. M. , and Liu , C. T...
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Book cover for MEMS Applications in Electronics and Engineering

MEMS Applications in Electronics and Engineering

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Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735424395
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2439-5
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2436-4
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Microscopic-Strain-Related Phenomena in Functional Oxides

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Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425590_005
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2559-0
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2556-9
... et al., 2012 ). (a) and (b) Low-magnification and high-magnification image showing the bending of YBCO planes around BZO. (c) and (d) High-resolution images showing the interface between two different BZO particles with two different orientations and matrix. (e) Z-contrast image from which...
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Students' Understandings of Electricity and Magnetism

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Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477_005
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
... as a quantity related to the spreading of field lines, and curl as a measure of how much field lines bend. They concluded that specific learning materials based on multiple external representations were required to clarify Maxwell's equations. Loftus (1996) worked with 14- to 18-year-old school students...
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Philosophy of Physics: Its Significance for Teaching and Learning

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Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425514_012
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2551-4
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2548-4
..., if an overlap exists between successive theories (i.e., shared ideas and/or concepts), meaningful questions can be asked in the context of both theories. For example, within both the wave and particle theories, we can ask the question: Does light bend around an obstacle (diffraction of light...
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