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activation energy

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Examples of <span class="search-highlight">energy</span> conversion diagrams: (a) using bar charts for describing...
Published: March 2023
FIG. 4.3 Examples of energy conversion diagrams: (a) using bar charts for describing a ruler smacking a ring and (b) using pie charts for describing a swinging pendulum. Reprinted with permission from Fortus et al., Why Do Some Things Stop While Others Keep Going? (Activate Learning, 2013). Copyright 2013 Activate Learning. All rights reserved. More about this image found in Examples of energy conversion diagrams: (a) using bar charts for describing...
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Net charge concentration extracted while annealing the sample at 510 K, wit...
Published: February 2023
FIG. 12.11 Net charge concentration extracted while annealing the sample at 510 K, with CV profiles measured at a regular interval. The sample was initially an EFG substrate irradiated with 1.9 MeV protons with a fluence of 6 × 1014 cm−2. To calculate the carrier recovery activation energy, the carrier concentrations were plotted as a function of time for 3 depletion depths (200, 300, and 400 nm) and fitted to second-order kinetics. The measured energy was ∼1.2 eV, which is likely the defect migration barrier responsible for the carrier recovery ( Ingebrigtsen et al., 2019 ). Reproduced with permission from Ingebrigtsen et al., APL Mater. 7 (2), 022510 (2018). Copyright 2018 Author(s), licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. More about this image found in Net charge concentration extracted while annealing the sample at 510 K, wit...
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Arrhenius plot showing the exponential decrease of Ge incorporation in MOCV...
Published: February 2023
FIG. 3.15 Arrhenius plot showing the exponential decrease of Ge incorporation in MOCVD grown Ga2O3:Ge with the increase of Tsub for the films grown using TEGa (pink) and TMGa (purple and blue). Calculations were performed based on the SIMS measured Ge concentrations in units of cm−3. Activation energies of ∼2.2 and ∼1.5 eV were estimated from the linear fit to the data for the films grown using TEGa and TMGa precursors. Partially reprinted from Alema et al., APL Mater. 9 , 091102 (2021). Copyright 2021 Authors, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. More about this image found in Arrhenius plot showing the exponential decrease of Ge incorporation in MOCV...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477_004
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
... activity Black and Solomon (1983) Energy as motion Energy is movement Black and Solomon (1983) Motion means energy Watts (1983a) Energy is only related to movement, i.e., inanimate things don't have energy because they don't move Watts (1983a) , Nicholls and Ogborn (1993) , and Hirça...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_010
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
... are the feed flowrate, feed inlet temperature, feed inlet concentration, reactor volume, pre-exponential factor, reaction activation energy, and universal gas constant, respectively. Our objective in this application is to utilize the OASIS algorithm to model the reactor dynamics and design a controller...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_011
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
... rate constant ki follows the Arrhenius type equation shown below: (11.3) k i = A i exp ⁡ ( − E a , i R T c ) where A and Ea are the pre-exponential factor and the activation energy, which...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477_021
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
... teaching. Educators should harness the systems and methods that are studied in other scientific disciplines to widen the perspective of the scientific activities “that count” as physics and of the styles of reasoning that can be employed in physics. Our second case study is the concept of energy...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425712_008
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
... the beginning. A unique approach to teaching energy is described in Chabay et al. (2019) . Here, the authors argue for a systems approach to energy and include internal energy in the analysis of mechanical processes. Finally, the authors discuss the role and place of the lab activities in the M&I...
Book
Book Cover Image
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Methods
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425743_003
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2574-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2572-9
... of the standard fragments, respectively which are set as the constants calculated by Bondi (1968) ; and NA is Avogadro's number. The residual term contribution of the activity coefficient represents the enthalpy effect, and the magnitude reflects the interaction energy between groups: (3.15...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477_022
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
... studies have documented that energy is only associated with living things, only associated with obvious activities, or is a some type of generalized fuel that is used up as devices and/or machines operate (see for example Watts, 1983 ; Gilbert and Pope, 1986 ; Trumper, 1993 ; and Driver et al...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425613_004
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2561-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2560-6
... of geographical location on the photovoltaic output can be considered as a combined effect of solar irradiance and temperature. Extensive research activities have been conducted to investigate the effects of varying operating conditions on the energy efficiency, economy and environmental performance of the system...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425712_013
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
..., primary school teachers need to have good content knowledge on this topic, and since their students usually do not have prior experience, activities that provide experience need to be included in the lessons. Good experimental skills of primary teachers in electricity are crucial, and therefore thoroughly...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Principles
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425613_007
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2561-3
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2560-6
... workplaces (i.e., work from home), mobile medical services, and social distancing. All these activities however require a change in the environment so that these activities can be practiced under the “New Norm” ( Lewnard and Lo, 2020 ). According to a report published by the International Energy Agency...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477_015
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
... that were taken (active learning/interactive engagement) to transform the students to a desired final state, Sf, through a process in which they are actively engaged in the different arenas in which they develop. A major guiding question is: How can interactions be designed that would...
Book
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477_001
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
... not appear to consider that the force would also be greater. This indicates that resources of Newtonian mechanics do not get activated (have low cueing) for these students in the context of oscillations. Others seem to build the same resource on energy considerations ( Tongnopparat et al., 2014...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425712_010
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2571-2
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2568-2
...Table 10.1 A rubric for characterizing different lab environments based on Activity Theory analysis. Activity theory dimension General activity system question Plain language questions for labs Object What is the goal? What is the purpose of the lab or lab course...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425514_025
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2551-4
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2548-4
... computational activities were a major focus; in addition, six of the students in the class were interviewed. Interview questions were aimed to elicit feelings about physics class and computational activities, and to promote discussion of these feelings. The researchers identified “episodes” from each...
Book Chapter
Series: AIPP Books, Professional
Published: March 2023
10.1063/9780735425477_002
EISBN: 978-0-7354-2547-7
ISBN: 978-0-7354-2544-6
... of relativity ( Misner et al., 1973 ; and Ward, 2017 ). The stress-energy tensor may also possess off-diagonal terms when a fluid moves as a bulk in an inertial reference frame. In the component expressions of the stress-energy tensor of a perfect fluid with a bulk motion, a couple of pressure...