... , J.   et al. , Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res.   17 , 020113 ( 2021 ). 10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.17.020113 West , B.   et al. , Linear Mixed Model: A Practical Guide Using Statistical Software ( CRC Press , Boca Raton, FL , 2015 ). Wheatley , C.   et al. , Phys. Rev. Phys...

... in college physics courses Themes of the research Methodology Distinctions between closely related quantities The ideal gas law and particulate models of a gas Researcher stance Mechanistic or statistical reasoning focused on constituent particles Mathematical underpinnings Student Understanding...

... Mechanics Laminar viscous flow through pipes One-dimensional unsteady flow model of a cylindrical draining tank Solving Colebrook's flow friction equation Conclusions Understanding Surface Phenomena Computational Tools to Solve Significant Problems in Fluid Mechanics Teaching fluid mechanics...

... by actual research evidence. This model migrated to education and was embodied by the Education Sciences Reform Act ( U.S. Congress, 2002 ) which created the U.S. Institute of Education Sciences ( IES, 2022a ) as the research arm of the U.S. Department of Education. The IES included a federal statistical...

... as measured by KR-20 and Cronbach's alpha are among them. In order to ensure validity and reliability of the test scores, five statistical means were described by Ding and Beichner (2009) : classical test theory, factor analysis, cluster analysis, item response theory, and model analysis. These statistical...

... pertaining to the future competencies. For example, randomized and standardized distributions of data are based on classical and quantum statistical mechanics. Essential concepts and theories for digital devices rely on physics. Mobile phones, tablet devices and wireless communication are based...

... in programming and investigating computational models that dynamically and visually simulate a macrolevel emergent phenomenon based on the microlevel mechanism, arguing that such models concretely illustrate how multiple agent-like entities and activities can lead to a non-agent-like emergent phenomenon. Through...

... of electrostatic concepts as particle-level mechanisms to explain phenomena such as static electricity ( Shen and Linn, 2011 ; and Kaldaras et al., 2021 ) and electric current ( Eylon and Ganiel, 1990 ). Dynamic, computational models of particle-level, electrostatic interactions are also important...

.... For clarity, we have removed the statistically insignificant regression paths from gender to identity or gender to P.R. and self-efficacy in models 2 and 3. References References Aguilar , L.   et al. , Phys. Today   67 ( 5 ), 43 – 49 ( 2014 ). 10.1063/PT.3.2383 AIP Statistics , see https...

... can be divided into four types, as shown in Fig. 1.6 . These models are (a) the persistence model, (b) the statistical model, (c) the machine learning model, and (d) the hybrid model, as shown in Fig. 1.6 ( Das et al., 2018 ). In the Persistence Model, the predicted PV output power...

... in a quantum mechanical approach. Thus, in the course of secondary education, learners usually become acquainted with three models for describing light: In lower secondary school, light is usually described with the model of the light beam. In higher classes, light is described with the model of the wave...

... Principle, and the fundamental assumption of statistical mechanics ( Chabay and Sherwood, 2007 ). In electricity and magnetism, there are added conservation of charge and the field concept, as expressed in Maxwell's equations ( Chabay and Sherwood, 2007 ). This emphasis on fundamentals and a microscopic...

... of the assumptions, concepts and models of physical theories to ascertain what kind of understanding of nature is being projected, “… what they tell us about reality” ( Lange, 2002 , ix): E.g. gravitation understood as action-at-a-distance or as a field theory; whether or not quantum mechanics can be considered...

... perspectives, have shown the effectiveness of innovative paths based on a statistical view of quantum mechanics ( Fischler, 1999 ) rather than uncertainty ( Müller and Wiesner, 2002 ) in activating in students coherent conceptions on quantum propagation, on the quantum atom, and on quantum indeterminism...

... of experiments (DoE) with the standard reliability estimation procedure to optimize the reliability of inverters for grid-connected PV systems. As shown in Fig. 2.5 , it started with predefining an MTBF goal and selecting the inverter topology. It developed a statistical model based on the DoE that generated...

... these courses, students also learn techniques for computational visualization, array and data-handling, vectorization, and new algorithms such as the method of relaxation. More advanced courses such as statistical and quantum mechanics also include computational elements. By their final year, many students...

... is an effective way to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, decrease the impact on the environment and achieve the efficient and low-carbon utilization of energy. FIG. 4.1 Primary energy consumption of the world and China. Statistics are taken from Statistical Review of World Energy 2022. Due to its clean...