... = I i r r − I 0 [ exp ( q ( V M + I M N S R S ) N S n k T ) − 1 ] − V M + I M N S R S N S R P where I_irr is the photocurrent or irradiance current, which is generated when the cell...

.... , Int. J. Sci. Educ.   5 ( 4 ), 387 – 402 ( 1983 ). 10.1080/0140528830050403 Bardar , E. M.   et al. , Astron. Educ. Rev.   5 ( 2 ), 103 – 113 ( 2007 ). 10.3847/AER2006020 Beichner , R. J. , Am. J. Phys.   62 ( 8 ), 750 – 762 ( 1994 ). 10.1119/1.17449 Beichner , R...

.... , “ A programmable intraocular CMOS pressure sensor system implant ,” IEEE. J. Solid-State. Circuits.   36 ( 7 ), 1094 – 1100 ( 2001 ). Steiner Vanha , R. , Kroener , F. , Olbrich , T. , Baresch , R. , and Baltes , H. , “ Trench-Hall devices ,” J. Microelectromech. Syst.   9 ( 1 ), 82...

....2020.08.021 Belhaouas , N.   et al. , “ The performance of solar PV modules with two glass types after 11 years of outdoor exposure under the Mediterranean climatic conditions ,” Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess.   49 , 101771 ( 2022 ). 10.1016/j.seta.2021.101771 Bilintion , R...

... be calculated as (6.2) P A C = P A C P r where G_eff (W/m²) is the effective incident irradiance, η_g is the efficiency of the PV generator, A_g is the active surface of the PV generator (m²...

... ). Bates , S. and Galloway , R. , Proceedings of the HEA STEM Learning and Teaching Conference ( Higher Education Academy , 2012 ), Vol. 1. Beichner , R. J. , New Direct. Teach. Learn.   2014 , 9 – 16 ( 2014 ). 10.1002/tl.20081 Beichner , R. J. and Saul , J. M...

... in % Correlation PV_1 56.77 15.78 56.13 16.77 r = .826; p < .001 PV_2 54.43 15.312 55.63 18.33 r = .841; p < .001 PV_3 57.63 11.27 56.33 12.45 r = .770; p < .001 PV_4 46.39 12.84 38.87 16.04 r = .928; p < .001 PV_5 53.26 16.92 53.07 18.66 r = .881 p < .001...

... whether a gate which they control is executed by taking values of | 0 ⟩ (no execution) or | 1 ⟩ (gate execution). The notation Z q r represents that a series of r controlled rotation gates, each with different rotations, is used. FIG. 8.14 Quantum addition...

....   49 , 101771 ( 2022 ). 10.1016/j.seta.2021.101771 Bilintion , R. and Allan , R. , Reliability Evaluation of Engineering System ( Springer , 1992 ). Blaabjerg , F. , Teodorescu , R. , Liserre , M. , and Timbus , A. V. , “ Overview of control and grid...

.... References References Adreeja , B. , Lokanadha , R. G. , and Lingaraj , S. , “ Morphometric characterization of Jatropha curcas germplasm of North-East India ,” Afr. J. Biotechnol.   16 ( 13 ), 648 – 665 ( 2017 ). 10.5897/AJB2016.15428 Basu , A. and Saha , R...

.... Sokoloff , D. , Electric Circuit Concept Tests . Unpublished study ( 1993 ), https://www2.ph.ed.ac.uk/AardvarkDeployments/Public/60100/views/files/ConceptualTests/Deployments/ConceptualTests/inner.node/__Contents/EandM/ECCE/web.html . R16. Engelhardt , P. V. and Beichner , R. J. , Am...

... Frederiksen , J. R.   et al. , J. Res. Sci. Teach.   36 ( 7 ), 806 – 836 ( 1999 ). 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2736(199909)36:7<806::AID-TEA5>3.0.CO;2-2 Galili , I. and Lehavi , Y. , Int. J. Sci. Educ.   28 ( 5 ), 521 – 541 ( 2006 ). 10.1080/09500690500338847 Goldstone , R. L...

...References References Abbassi , A. , Mehrez , R. B. , Touaiti , B. , Abualigah , L. , and Touti , E. , “ Parameterization of photovoltaic solar cell double-diode model based on improved arithmetic optimization algorithm ,” Optik   253 , 168600 ( 2022 ). 10.1016/j.ijleo...

... Heradio , R.   et al. , Comput. Educ.   98 , 14 – 38 ( 2016 ). 10.1016/j.compedu.2016.03.010 Hodges , G. W.   et al. , Comput. Educ.   122 , 179 – 193 ( 2018 ). 10.1016/j.compedu.2018.03.003 Hodson , D. , Int. J. Sci. Educ.   36 ( 15 ), 2534 – 2553 ( 2014 ). 10.1080...

... ). Bates , S. and Galloway , R. , Proceedings of the HEA STEM Learning and Teaching Conference ( Higher Education Academy , 2012 ), Vol. 1. Beichner , R. J. , New Direct. Teach. Learn.   2014 , 9 – 16 ( 2014 ). 10.1002/tl.20081 Beichner , R. J. and Saul , J. M...

... al. ( Springer , 2006 ), pp. 367 – 379 . 10.1007/1-4020-4339-2_52 Bridgham , R. G. , J. Res. Sci. Teach.   6 ( 2 ), 118 – 127 ( 1969 ). 10.1002/tea.3660060203 Bruner , J. S. , Am. Psychol.   19 ( 1 ), 1 – 15 ( 1964 ). 10.1037/h0044160 Campos , E.   et al...

... material. (c) Coupled electromechanical equivalent circuit of the piezoelectric harvester. Table 9.1 Comparison of piezoelectric properties of some commonly used materials. Material d₃₁ (pC/N) d₃₃ (pC/N) ε_33,r Y (GPa...

... of the capacitive switch are decided by its characteristic impedance, which is determined by a combination of resistance (R), capacitance (C_p) and inductance (L_p). The equivalent circuit of the torsional capacitive switch is shown in Fig. 6.25 . FIG. 6.25...

... , A. , Rombach , P. , Stenberg , L. J.   et al. , “ A compact CMOS MEMS microphone with 66dB SNR ,” in Digest of Technical Papers—IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference ( IEEE , 2009 ). Cole , B. E. , Higashi , R. E. , and Wood , R. A. , “ Monolithic two-dimensional arrays...