... – 424 ( 1997 ). 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2736(199704)34:4<399::AID-TEA8>3.0.CO;2-M Madsen , A.   et al. , Am. J. Phys.   85 , 245 – 264 ( 2017 ). 10.1119/1.4977416 Martínez-Borreguero , G.   et al. , Educ. Sci.   12 , 186 ( 2022 ). 10.3390/educsci12030186 Muñoz...

... and Science Teaching ( Springer , Dordrecht , 2014 ), pp. 911 – 970 . Hurd , P. D. , Sci. Educ.   75 ( 6 ), 723 – 732 ( 1991 ). 10.1002/sce.3730750611 Jiménez-Aleixandre , M. P.   et al. , Sci. Educ.   84 ( 6 ), 757 – 792 ( 2000 ). 10.1002/1098-237X(200011)84:6<757::AID-SCE5...

.... and Hazan , A. , Int. J. Sci. Educ.   22 ( 1 ), 57 – 88 ( 2000 ). 10.1080/095006900290000 Galili , I. and Lavrik , V. , Sci. Educ.   82 ( 5 ), 591 – 613 ( 1998 ). 10.1002/(SICI)1098-237X(199809)82:5<591::AID-SCE4>3.0.CO;2-4 Gilbert , J. K. and Swift , D. J...

.... Phys.   67 ( 10 ), 891 – 898 ( 1999 ). 10.1119/1.19144 Andersson , B. and Wallin , A. , J. Res. Sci. Teach.   37 ( 10 ), 1096 – 1111 ( 2000 ). 10.1002/1098-2736(200012)37:10%3C1096::AID-TEA4%3E3.0.CO;2-8 Andrews , I. and Nikolopoulos , K. , Phys. Educ.   53 ( 5...

... – 187 ( 1998 ). 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2736(199802)35:2<175::AID-TEA7>3.0.CO;2-P Monk , M. and Osborne , J. , Sci. Educ.   81 ( 4 ), 405 – 424 ( 1997 ). 10.1002/(SICI)1098-237X(199707)81:4<405::AID-SCE3>3.0.CO;2-G Morales , M. P. E. , Eurasia J. Math. Sci. Technol...

... ( Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , New York, NY , 2008 ), pp. 279 – 303 . Sin , C. , Sci. Educ.   98 ( 2 ), 342 – 365 ( 2014 ). 10.1002/sce.21100 Slater , T. S.   et al. , J. Res. Sci. Teach.   34 ( 3 ), 255 – 271 ( 1997 ). 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2736(199703)34:3<255::AID-TEA4...

... ( 6 ), 769 – 805 ( 2010 ). 10.1080/09500690902792393 de Posada , J. M. , Sci. Educ.   81 , 445 – 467 ( 1997 ). 10.1002/(SICI)1098-237X(199707)81:4<445::AID-SCE5>3.0.CO;2-C Deprez , T.   et al. , Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res.   15 ( 2 ), 020132 ( 2019 ). 10.1103...

...(200011)84:6<757::AID-SCE5>3.0.CO;2-F Jin , Q. and Kim , M. , Int. J. Sci. Educ.   43 ( 12 ), 1984 – 2006 ( 2021 ). 10.1080/09500693.2021.1947542 Jönsson , A. , Int. J. Sci. Educ.   38 ( 11 ), 1825 – 1840 ( 2016 ). 10.1080/09500693.2016.1218567 Kapon , S...

.... and McGinn , M. K. , Sci. Educ.   81 ( 1 ), 91 – 106 ( 1997 ). 10.1002/(SICI)1098-237X(199701)81:1<91::AID-SCE5>3.0.CO;2-X Schiano , D. J. and Tversky , B. , Memory Cognit.   20 ( 1 ), 12 – 20 ( 1992 ). 10.3758/BF03208249 Shah , P. and Freedman , E. G. , Top...

... Frederiksen , J. R.   et al. , J. Res. Sci. Teach.   36 ( 7 ), 806 – 836 ( 1999 ). 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2736(199909)36:7<806::AID-TEA5>3.0.CO;2-2 Galili , I. and Lehavi , Y. , Int. J. Sci. Educ.   28 ( 5 ), 521 – 541 ( 2006 ). 10.1080/09500690500338847 Goldstone , R. L...

.... , Sci. Educ.   82 ( 5 ), 527 – 552 ( 1998 ). 10.1002/(SICI)1098-237X(199809)82:5<527::AID-SCE1>3.0.CO;2-B Niaz , M.   et al. , Sci. Educ.   94 ( 5 ), 903 – 931 ( 2010 ). 10.1002/sce.20389 Niaz , M.   et al. , Phys. Educ.   48 ( 1 ), 57 – 64 ( 2013 ). 10.1088/0031...

...References References Adams , W. K. and Wiemen , C. E. , Int. J. Sci. Educ.   33 ( 9 ), 1289 – 1312 ( 2011 ). 10.1080/09500693.2010.512369 Aiken , J. M.   et al. , Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res.   17 , 020104 ( 2021 ). 10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.17.020104 Airasian...

... ). 10.1080/10508406.2015.1088441 Jiménez-Aleixandre , M. P.   et al. , Sci. Educ.   84 ( 6 ), 757 – 792 ( 2000 ). 10.1002/1098-237X(200011)84:6<757::AID-SCE5>3.0.CO;2-F Johnson , A.   et al. , Phys. Teach.   55 ( 6 ), 356 – 360 ( 2017 ). 10.1119/1.4999731 Kapon , S...

... ). DeBoer , G. E. , J. Res. Sci. Teach.   37 , 582 – 601 ( 2000 ). 10.1002/1098-2736(200008)37:6<582::AID-TEA5>3.0.CO;2-L Department for Education , see https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-curriculum-in-england-science-programmes-of-study for “National curriculum...

... , A. S. , Sci. Educ.   82 ( 3 ), 379 – 405 ( 1998 ). 10.1002/(SICI)1098-237X(199806)82:3<379::AID-SCE5>3.0.CO;2-9 Ding , L.   et al. , Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Phys. Educ. Res.   7 ( 2 ), 020109 ( 2011 ). 10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.7.020109 diSessa , A. A. , Cogn. Instr.   10...

...References References Abdulwahed , M. and Nagy , Z. K. , 20th Australasian Association for Engineering Education Conference , 6–9 December ( University of Adelaide , 2009 ), pp. 255 – 260 . Abreu , P.   et al. , iJoe   11 ( 5 ), 10 – 16 ( 2015 ). 10.3991...

...References References Abd-El-Khalick , F. and Lederman , N. , J. Res. Sci. Teach.   37 ( 10 ), 1057 – 1095 ( 2000 ). 10.1002/1098-2736(200012)37:10<1057::AID-TEA3>3.0.CO;2-C Adúriz-Bravo , A. and Izquierdo-Aymerich , M. , Sci. Edu.   18 , 1177 – 1192 ( 2009...

...References References Adúriz-Bravo , A. and Izquierdo-Aymerich , M. , Sci. Educ.   12 , 27 – 43 ( 2003 10.1023/A:1022698205904 ). Allchin , D. , Sci. Educ.   95 , 518 – 542 ( 2011 ). 10.1002/sce.20432 Allchin , D. , Sci. Educ.   87 ( 3 ), 329 – 351 ( 2003...

...References References Bolded and italicized initial text indicates a study featured in the chapter, e.g., Brookes and Etkina 2015. Albert , E. , Sci. Educ.   62 , 389 – 399 ( 1978 ). 10.1002/sce.3730620316 Amin , T. A.   et al.   Sci. Educ.   96 , 818 – 848...

...References References Ackerman , N.   et al. , arXiv:1804.08406 ( 2018 ). arXiv:1804.08406 Adams , W. K.   et al. , Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. – Phys. Educ. Res.   2 ( 1 ), 010101 ( 2006 ). 10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.2.010101 Archer , L.   et al. , Sci. Educ.   99 ( 2 ), 199...