Marco Castello

Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy

Maomao Chen

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA

Regine Choe

Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, 204 Robert B. Goergen Hall, Rochester, NY 14627, USA

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA

Wonseok Choi

Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea 37673

Qianqian Fang

Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA

Denzel Faulkner

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180

Shan Gao

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180

Michael Giacomelli

Department of Biomedical Engineering & Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14620, USA

Yiyang Gong

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA

Xavier Intes

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180

Steven L. Jacques

Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Foege Bldg. N410G, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA

Chulhong Kim

Departments of Electrical Engineering, Creative IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea 37673

Changyeop Lee

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea 37673

Yang Liu

Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA

Hongqiang Ma

Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213

Miguel Mireles

Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA

Guangming Ni

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63130

Navid Ibtehaj Nizam

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180

Marien Ochoa

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180

Rahul Ragunathan

Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA

Jingxuan Ren

Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, 204 Robert B. Goergen Hall, Rochester, NY 14627

Dustin Shipp

Department of Physics, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT 84005, USA

Yuqi Tian

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA

Giorgio Tortarolo

Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy

Giuseppe Vicidomini

Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy

Depeng Wang

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA

Zhi Wang

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63130

Jun Xia

Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 208 Bonner Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14260

Edward Xu

Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115

Junjie Yao

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA

Yaoshen Yuan

Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115

Chao Zhou

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63130

Xiaoyi Zhu

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA

As one of the most important forms of natural energy, light has played an essential role for humans to understand the world. Biomedical optical imaging is a subdivision of optical imaging, aiming to understand the anatomy and function of life. Human's exploration of biomedical optical imaging can be dated back to the 1500s when the first compound microscope was invented. This subsequently led to the discovery of cell structures. Starting in the 1960s, the invention of lasers has led to rapid development in laser-scanning optical microscopes. In the 2000s, optical microscopy broke through the diffraction limit, leading to optical nanoscopy. On the other side of the spectrum, optical tomography techniques were developed to offer deeper imaging depth but at the cost of a degraded spatial resolution on the millimeter scale. Fortunately, the optical diffusion limit can also be tackled through acoustic detection, leading to submillimeter resolution at a few centimeters of imaging depth. Nowadays, biomedical optical imaging has found numerous applications ranging from basic biological research to clinical diagnostic imaging.

This book aims to cover major biomedical optical imaging techniques in nanoscopic, microscopic, and tomographic regimes. The first chapter provides a historical review of biomedical optics and introduces major imaging techniques to be covered in the book. The second chapter reviews photon and tissue interactions, which sets the foundation for biomedical optical imaging. Chapters 3 to 12 are dedicated to individual imaging modalities. Each chapter starts with an introduction to the imaging technique. Then, major instrumentation and methodology are described, followed by an overview of biomedical applications. The last chapter covers techniques not mentioned in the book and comments on possible directions of future research. The book can be used as a reference book for researchers in biomedical optics, medical imaging, or biological research. It can also be used as a textbook for senior undergraduate students and graduate students studying in relevant areas.

We would like to thank all the authors for their tremendous effort and dedication in writing the book chapters, particularly during the Covid-19 pandemic. We would also like to thank the AIPP editors and staff for their help and coordination on the preparation and production of the book.

Jun Xia and Regine Choe