High-temperature annealing is a promising but still mainly unexplored method for enhancing spin properties of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond particles. After high-energy irradiation, the formation of NV centers in diamond particles is typically accomplished via annealing at temperatures in the range of 800–900 °C for 1–2 h to promote vacancy diffusion. Here, we investigate the effects of conventional annealing (900 °C for 2 h) against annealing at a much higher temperature of 1600 °C for the same annealing duration for particles ranging in size from 100 nm to 15 μm using electron paramagnetic resonance and optical characterization. At this high temperature, the vacancy-assisted diffusion of nitrogen can occur. Previously, the annealing of diamond particles at this temperature was performed over short time scales because of concerns of particle graphitization. Our results demonstrate that particles that survive this prolonged 1600 °C annealing show increased NV T1 and T2 electron spin relaxation times in 1 and 15 μm particles, due to the removal of fast relaxing spins. Additionally, this high-temperature annealing also boosts magnetically induced fluorescence contrast of NV centers for particle sizes ranging from 100 nm to 15 μm. At the same time, the content of NV centers is decreased fewfold and reaches a level of <0.5 ppm. The results provide guidance for future studies and the optimization of high-temperature annealing of fluorescent diamond particles for applications relying on the spin properties of NV centers in the host crystals.
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Optical and electronic spin properties of fluorescent micro- and nanodiamonds upon prolonged ultrahigh-temperature annealing
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July 2023
Research Article|
June 27 2023
Optical and electronic spin properties of fluorescent micro- and nanodiamonds upon prolonged ultrahigh-temperature annealing
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Nicholas Nunn
;
Nicholas Nunn
a)
(Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)
1
Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University
, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected]
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Sergey Milikisiyants
;
Sergey Milikisiyants
(Formal analysis, Supervision)
1
Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University
, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
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Marco D. Torelli
;
Marco D. Torelli
(Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing)
2
Adamas Nanotechnologies, Inc.
, Raleigh, North Carolina 27617
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Richard Monge
;
Richard Monge
(Formal analysis, Writing – original draft)
3
Department of Physics, CUNY—City College of New York
, New York, New York 100314
CUNY—Graduate Center
, New York, New York 10016
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Tom Delord
;
Tom Delord
(Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – original draft)
3
Department of Physics, CUNY—City College of New York
, New York, New York 10031
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Alexander I. Shames
;
Alexander I. Shames
(Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing)
5
Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University of the Negev
, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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Carlos A. Meriles
;
Carlos A. Meriles
(Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing)
3
Department of Physics, CUNY—City College of New York
, New York, New York 100314
CUNY—Graduate Center
, New York, New York 10016
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Ashok Ajoy
;
Ashok Ajoy
(Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing)
6
Department of Chemistry, UC Berkeley
, Berkeley California 947207
Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
, Berkeley, California 947208
CIFAR Program, Quantum Information Science
, 661 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
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Alex I. Smirnov
;
Alex I. Smirnov
(Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing)
1
Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University
, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
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Olga A. Shenderova
Olga A. Shenderova
(Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing – review & editing)
2
Adamas Nanotechnologies, Inc.
, Raleigh, North Carolina 27617
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Nicholas Nunn
1,a)
Sergey Milikisiyants
1
Marco D. Torelli
2
Richard Monge
3,4
Tom Delord
3
Alexander I. Shames
5
Carlos A. Meriles
3,4
Ashok Ajoy
6,7,8
Alex I. Smirnov
1
Olga A. Shenderova
2
1
Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University
, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
2
Adamas Nanotechnologies, Inc.
, Raleigh, North Carolina 27617
3
Department of Physics, CUNY—City College of New York
, New York, New York 10031
4
CUNY—Graduate Center
, New York, New York 10016
5
Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University of the Negev
, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
6
Department of Chemistry, UC Berkeley
, Berkeley California 94720
7
Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
, Berkeley, California 94720
8
CIFAR Program, Quantum Information Science
, 661 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected]
Note: This paper is a part of the Special Topic Collection Special Topic Collection Honoring Dr. Gary McGuire's Research and Leadership as the Editor of the Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology for Three Decades.
J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 41, 042206 (2023)
Article history
Received:
May 01 2023
Accepted:
June 08 2023
Citation
Nicholas Nunn, Sergey Milikisiyants, Marco D. Torelli, Richard Monge, Tom Delord, Alexander I. Shames, Carlos A. Meriles, Ashok Ajoy, Alex I. Smirnov, Olga A. Shenderova; Optical and electronic spin properties of fluorescent micro- and nanodiamonds upon prolonged ultrahigh-temperature annealing. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1 July 2023; 41 (4): 042206. https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0002797
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