This Tutorial aims to provide a concise yet practical guideline for different scenarios that one may face in a sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy laboratory, especially when it comes to sample alignment. The effort is made to reconstruct the real and often challenging sample alignment conditions for a broad range of liquid or solid samples interfacing solid, liquid, or gas phases, with a pedagogical approach. Both newcomer operators of an SFG setup without a strong experience in nonlinear spectroscopy and the more experienced SFG users can utilize the approaches that are provided in this Tutorial for an easier and more reliable sample alignment in their SFG laboratories.

1.
A.
Ghalgaoui
,
R.
Shimizu
,
S.
Hosseinpour
,
R.
Álvarez-Asencio
,
C.
McKee
,
C. M.
Johnson
, and
M. W.
Rutland
,
Langmuir
30
,
3075
(
2014
).
2.
M.
Schwind
,
S.
Hosseinpour
,
C. M.
Johnson
,
C.
Langhammer
,
I.
Zorić
,
C.
Leygraf
, and
B.
Kasemo
,
Langmuir
29
,
7151
(
2013
).
3.
H.
Söngen
et al,
J. Phys. Chem. Lett.
12
,
7605
(
2021
).
4.
L. B.
Dreier
,
C.
Bernhard
,
G.
Gonella
,
E. H. G.
Backus
, and
M.
Bonn
,
J. Phys. Chem. Lett.
9
,
5685
(
2018
).
5.
M. J.
Schultz
,
S.
Baldelli
,
C.
Schnitzer
, and
D.
Simonelli
,
J. Phys. Chem. B
106
,
5313
(
2002
).
6.
S.
Hosseinpour
,
S. J.
Roeters
,
M.
Bonn
,
W.
Peukert
,
S.
Woutersen
, and
T.
Weidner
,
Chem. Rev.
120
,
3420
(
2020
).
7.
W.
Guo
,
T.
Lu
,
Z.
Gandhi
, and
Z.
Chen
,
J. Phys. Chem. Lett.
12
,
10144
(
2021
).
8.
V.
Lautenbach
,
S.
Hosseinpour
, and
W.
Peukert
,
Front. Chem.
9
,
712978
(
2021
).
9.
D.
Kawaguchi
and
K.
Tanaka
, “
Applications
,” in
Spectroscopic Techniques for Polymer Characterization: Methods, Instrumentation, Applications
, edited by Y. Ozaki and H. Sato (Wiley, 2021), Chap. 8, pp. 227–258.
10.
S.
Hosseinpour
,
V.
Götz
, and
W.
Peukert
,
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
60
,
25143
(
2021
).
11.
A.
Rafe
,
D.
Glikmab
,
N. G.
Rey
,
N.
Hallec
,
U.
Kulozik
, and
B.
Braunschweig
,
Colloids Surf. A
640
,
128267
(
2022
).
12.
H.
Noguchi
,
M.
Ito
, and
K.
Uosaki
,
Chem. Lett.
34
,
950
(
2005
).
13.
S.
Hosseinpour
,
J.
Hedberg
,
S.
Baldelli
,
C.
Leygraf
, and
M.
Johnson
,
J. Phys. Chem. C
115
,
23871
(
2011
).
14.
O.
Berg
and
D.
Klenerman
,
J. Appl. Phys.
90
,
5070
(
2001
).
15.
W.-T.
Liu
and
Y. R.
Shen
,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
111
,
1293
(
2014
).
16.
X.
Li
and
G.
Rupprechter
,
Catal. Sci. Technol.
11
,
12
(
2021
).
17.
J. Z.
Olson
,
P. K.
Johansson
,
D. G.
Castner
, and
C. W.
Schlenker
,
Chem. Mater.
30
,
1239
(
2018
).
18.
J. D.
Pickering
,
M.
Bregnhøj
,
A. S.
Chatterley
,
M. H.
Rasmussen
,
K.
Strunge
, and
T.
Weidner
,
Biointerphases
17
,
011201
(
2022
).
19.
J. D.
Pickering
,
M.
Bregnhøj
,
A. S.
Chatterley
,
M. H.
Rasmussen
,
S. J.
Roeters
,
K.
Strunge
, and
T.
Weidner
,
Biointerphases
17
,
011202
(
2022
).
20.
H.-F.
Wang
,
W.
Gan
,
R.
Lu
,
Y.
Rao
, and
B.-H.
Wu
,
Int. Rev. Phys. Chem.
24
,
191
(
2005
).
21.
A. G.
Lambert
,
P. B.
Davies
, and
D. J.
Neivandt
,
Appl. Spectrosc. Rev.
40
,
103
(
2005
).
22.
T.
Guckeisen
,
S.
Hosseinpour
, and
W.
Peukert
,
Langmuir
35
,
5004
(
2019
).
23.
J. F. D.
Liljeblad
and
E.
Tyrode
,
J. Phys. Chem. C
116
,
22893
(
2012
).
24.
C. M.
Johnson
and
S.
Baldelli
,
Chem. Rev.
114
,
8416
(
2014
).
25.
Y.
Yang
,
R.
Pizzolatto
, and
M.
Messmer
, “Internal–external reflection sum-frequency generation spectroscopy at an interface,”
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
17
,
638
–645 (
2000
).
26.
S. J.
Schlegel
,
S.
Hosseinpour
,
M.
Gebhard
,
A.
Devi
,
M.
Bonn
, and
E. H. G.
Backus
,
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
21
,
8956
(
2019
).
27.
J. D.
Pickering
,
A. S.
Chatterley
,
M.
Bregnhøj
, and
T.
Weidner
,
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
92
,
094104
(
2021
).
28.
C. T.
Williams
,
Y.
Yang
, and
C. D.
Bain
,
Langmuir
16
,
2343
(
2000
).
30.
W.
Guo
,
S.
Xu
,
T. M.
Reichart
,
M.
Xiao
,
T.
Lu
,
C.
Mello
, and
Z.
Chen
,
Langmuir
36
,
12383
(
2020
).
31.
M.
Lukas
,
E. H. G.
Backus
,
M.
Bonn
, and
M.
Grechko
,
J. Phys. Chem. A
126
,
951
(
2022
).
32.
S.
Sun
,
P. J.
Bisson
,
M.
Bonn
,
M. J.
Shultz
, and
E. H. G.
Backus
,
J. Phys. Chem. C
123
,
7266
(
2019
).
33.
X.
Liu
,
B.-H.
Li
,
Y.
Liang
,
W.
Zeng
,
H.
Li
,
C.
Zhou
,
Z.
Ren
, and
X.
Yang
,
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
92
,
083001
(
2021
).
34.
J. D.
Cyran
,
E. H. G.
Backus
,
M.-J.
van Zadel
, and
M.
Bonn
,
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
58
,
3620
(
2019
).
35.
E. H. G.
Backus
,
D.
Bonn
,
S.
Cantin
,
S.
Roke
, and
M.
Bonn
,
J. Phys. Chem. B
116
,
2703
(
2012
).
36.
T.
Guckeisen
,
S.
Hosseinpour
, and
W.
Peukert
,
J. Colloid Interface Sci.
590
,
38
(
2021
).
37.
J.
Franz
,
M.-J.
van Zadel
, and
T.
Weidner
,
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
88
,
053106
(
2017
).
38.
X.-H.
Hu
,
F.
Wei
,
H.
Wang
, and
H.-F.
Wang
,
J. Phys. Chem. C
123
,
15071
(
2019
).
You do not currently have access to this content.