The ability to prepare systems in specific target states through quantum engineering is essential for realizing the new technologies promised by a second quantum revolution. Here, we recast the fundamental problem of state preparation in high-dimensional Hilbert spaces as ManQala, a quantum game inspired by the West African sowing game mancala. Motivated by optimal gameplay in solitaire mancala, where nested nearest-neighbor permutations and actions evolve the state of the game board to its target configuration, ManQala acts as a pre-processing approach for deterministically arranging particles in a quantum control problem. Once pre-processing with ManQala is complete, existing quantum control methods are applied, but now with a reduced search space. We find that ManQala-type strategies match, or outperform, competing approaches in terms of final state variance even in small-scale quantum state engineering problems where we expect the slightest advantage, since the relative reduction in search space is the least. These results suggest that ManQala provides a rich platform for designing control protocols relevant to quantum technologies.

1.
D.
d'Alessandro
,
Introduction to Quantum Control and Dynamics
(
Chapman and Hall/CRC
,
2021
).
2.
H. M.
Wiseman
and
G. J.
Milburn
,
Quantum Measurement and Control
(
Cambridge University Press
,
2009
).
3.
V.
Ramakrishna
and
H.
Rabitz
,
Phys. Rev. A
54
,
1715
(
1996
).
4.
H.
Ball
,
M. J.
Biercuk
,
A. R.
Carvalho
,
J.
Chen
,
M.
Hush
,
L. A.
De Castro
,
L.
Li
,
P. J.
Liebermann
,
H. J.
Slatyer
et al,
Quantum Sci. Technol.
6
,
044011
(
2021
).
5.
L.-M.
Duan
,
M. D.
Lukin
,
J. I.
Cirac
, and
P.
Zoller
,
Nature
414
,
413
(
2001
).
6.
M.
Müller
,
A.
Kölle
,
R.
Löw
,
T.
Pfau
,
T.
Calarco
, and
S.
Montangero
,
Phys. Rev. A
87
,
053412
(
2013
).
7.
P.
Rembold
,
N.
Oshnik
,
M. M.
Müller
,
S.
Montangero
,
T.
Calarco
, and
E.
Neu
,
AVS Quantum Sci.
2
,
024701
(
2020
).
8.
F.
Poggiali
,
P.
Cappellaro
, and
N.
Fabbri
,
Phys. Rev. X
8
,
021059
(
2018
).
9.
P.
Domokos
,
J.
Janszky
,
P.
Adam
, and
T.
Larsen
,
Quantum Opt.: J. Eur. Opt. Soc. Part B
6
,
187
(
1994
).
10.
G. J.
Milburn
and
C. A.
Holmes
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
56
,
2237
(
1986
).
11.
A.
Danageozian
,
A.
Miller
,
P. J.
Barge
,
N.
Bhusal
, and
J. P.
Dowling
,
J. Phys. B
55
,
155503
(
2022
).
12.
M.
Rossi
,
D.
Mason
,
J.
Chen
,
Y.
Tsaturyan
, and
A.
Schliesser
,
Nature
563
,
53
(
2018
).
13.
L.
Viola
,
E.
Knill
, and
S.
Lloyd
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
82
,
2417
(
1999
).
14.
F.
Ticozzi
and
L.
Viola
,
Sci. Rep.
4
,
5192
(
2014
).
15.
A. E.
Nielsen
,
C. A.
Muschik
,
G.
Giedke
, and
K. G.
Vollbrecht
,
Phys. Rev. A
81
,
043832
(
2010
).
16.
J. J. W. H.
Sørensen
, “
Quantum control of ultracold quantum systems
,” Ph.D. thesis (
Aarhus University
,
2018
).
17.
S.
Hacohen-Gourgy
,
L. P.
García-Pintos
,
L. S.
Martin
,
J.
Dressel
, and
I.
Siddiqi
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
120
,
020505
(
2018
).
18.
B.
Skinner
,
J.
Ruhman
, and
A.
Nahum
,
Phys. Rev. X
9
,
031009
(
2019
).
19.
C.
Noel
,
P.
Niroula
,
D.
Zhu
,
A.
Risinger
,
L.
Egan
,
D.
Biswas
,
M.
Cetina
,
A. V.
Gorshkov
,
M. J.
Gullans
et al,
Nat. Phys.
18
,
760
(
2022
).
20.
T.
Minato
,
K.
Sugimoto
,
T.
Kuwahara
, and
K.
Saito
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
128
,
010603
(
2022
).
21.
T.
Hashizume
,
G.
Bentsen
, and
A. J.
Daley
,
Phys. Rev. Res.
4
,
013174
(
2022
).
22.
M.
Szyniszewski
,
A.
Romito
, and
H.
Schomerus
,
Phys. Rev. B
100
,
064204
(
2019
).
23.
B.
Misra
and
E. G.
Sudarshan
,
J. Math. Phys.
18
,
756
(
1977
).
24.
G.
Ghirardi
,
C.
Omero
,
T.
Weber
, and
A.
Rimini
,
Il Nuovo Cimento A
52
,
421
(
1979
).
25.
W. M.
Itano
,
D. J.
Heinzen
,
J. J.
Bollinger
, and
D. J.
Wineland
,
Phys. Rev. A
41
,
2295
(
1990
).
26.
P.
Facchi
and
S.
Pascazio
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
89
,
080401
(
2002
).
27.
N.
Syassen
,
D. M.
Bauer
,
M.
Lettner
,
T.
Volz
,
D.
Dietze
,
J. J.
Garcia-Ripoll
,
J. I.
Cirac
,
G.
Rempe
, and
S.
Durr
,
Science
320
,
1329
(
2008
).
28.
Y.
Patil
,
S.
Chakram
, and
M.
Vengalattore
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
115
,
140402
(
2015
).
29.
H.
Fröml
,
A.
Chiocchetta
,
C.
Kollath
, and
S.
Diehl
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
122
,
040402
(
2019
).
30.
H.
Fröml
,
C.
Muckel
,
C.
Kollath
,
A.
Chiocchetta
, and
S.
Diehl
,
Phys. Rev. B
101
,
144301
(
2020
).
31.
P.
Krapivsky
,
K.
Mallick
, and
D.
Sels
,
J. Stat. Mech.: Theory Exp.
2019
,
113108
.
32.
P.
Krapivsky
,
K.
Mallick
, and
D.
Sels
, “
Free bosons with a localized source
,”
J. Stat. Mech.: Theory Exp.
2020
,
063101
.
33.
Y.
Li
,
X.
Chen
, and
M. P.
Fisher
,
Phys. Rev. B
98
,
205136
(
2018
).
34.
A.
Biella
and
M.
Schiró
,
Quantum
5
,
528
(
2021
).
35.
M. K.
Pedersen
,
J. J. W.
Sørensen
,
M. C.
Tichy
, and
J. F.
Sherson
,
New J. Phys.
16
,
113038
(
2014
).
36.
J.
Sørensen
,
M.
Dalgaard
,
A. H.
Kiilerich
,
K.
Mølmer
, and
J.
Sherson
,
Phys. Rev. A
98
,
062317
(
2018
).
37.
I. C.
Nodurft
,
H. C.
Shaw
,
R. T.
Glasser
,
B. T.
Kirby
, and
T. A.
Searles
,
Opt. Exp.
30
,
31971
(
2022
).
38.
P.
Facchi
,
D. A.
Lidar
, and
S.
Pascazio
,
Phys. Rev. A
69
,
032314
(
2004
).
39.
P.
Facchi
and
S.
Pascazio
,
J. Phys. A
41
,
493001
(
2008
).
40.
J. D.
Franson
,
B. C.
Jacobs
, and
T. B.
Pittman
,
Phys. Rev. A
70
,
062302
(
2004
).
41.
G. A.
Paz-Silva
,
A.
Rezakhani
,
J. M.
Dominy
, and
D.
Lidar
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
108
,
080501
(
2012
).
42.
J. M.
Dominy
,
G. A.
Paz-Silva
,
A.
Rezakhani
, and
D.
Lidar
,
J. Phys. A
46
,
075306
(
2013
).
43.
H.
Lee
,
P.
Kok
,
N. J.
Cerf
, and
J. P.
Dowling
,
Phys. Rev. A
65
,
030101
(
2002
).
44.
T. J.
Elliott
and
V.
Vedral
,
Phys. Rev. A
94
,
012118
(
2016
).
45.
Y.
Fuji
and
Y.
Ashida
,
Phys. Rev. B
102
,
054302
(
2020
).
46.
D.
Ivanov
,
T. Y.
Ivanova
,
S.
Caballero-Benitez
, and
I.
Mekhov
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
124
,
010603
(
2020
).
47.
J. v.
Neumann
,
Math. Ann.
100
,
295
(
1928
).
48.
M. J.
Osborne
et al,
An Introduction to Game Theory
(
Oxford University Press
,
New York
,
2004
), Vol.
3
.
49.
J.
Viet
,
Rev. Fr. Sci. Politique
6
,
906
(
1956
).
50.
K.
Ikeda
,
Quantum Inf. Process.
22
,
66
(
2023
).
51.
D. A.
Meyer
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
82
,
1052
(
1999
).
52.
A.
Iqbal
and
A.
Toor
,
Phys. Lett. A
300
,
541
(
2002
).
53.
K.
Ikeda
and
S.
Aoki
,
Quantum Inf. Process.
20
,
387
(
2021
).
54.
N. N.
Krasovskii
and
A. I.
Subbotin
,
Game-Theoretical Control Problems
(
Springer
,
1988
).
55.
J. R.
Marden
and
J. S.
Shamma
, “
Game theory and distributed control
,” in
Handbook of Game Theory With Economic Applications
(
Elsevier
,
2015
), Vol.
4
, pp.
861
899
.
56.
D.
Silver
,
A.
Huang
,
C. J.
Maddison
,
A.
Guez
,
L.
Sifre
,
G.
Van Den Driessche
,
J.
Schrittwieser
,
I.
Antonoglou
,
V.
Panneershelvam
et al,
Nature
529
,
484
(
2016
).
57.
T. M.
Moerland
,
J.
Broekens
,
A.
Plaat
, and
C. M.
Jonker
, “
A0c: Alpha zero in continuous action space
,” arXiv:1805.09613 (
2018
).
58.
D.
Bertsekas
,
Reinforcement Learning and Optimal Control
(
Athena Scientific
,
2019
).
59.
J.
Paczos
,
M.
Wierzbiński
,
G.
Rajchel-Mieldzioć
,
A.
Burchardt
, and
K.
Życzkowski
,
Phys. Rev. A
104
,
042423
(
2021
).
60.
A.
Ranchin
, “
Quantum go
,” arXiv:1603.04751 (
2016
).
61.
62.
J. N.
Leaw
and
S. A.
Cheong
,
J. Phys. A
43
,
455304
(
2010
).
63.
S. G.
Akl
,
Parallel Process. Lett.
20
(
3
),
275
(
2010
).
64.
Y.
Mura
and
H.
Wada
,
Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys.
2021
,
103A02
.
65.
X.-B.
Wang
,
L.
Kwek
, and
C.
Oh
,
Phys. Lett. A
278
,
44
(
2000
).
66.
I.
Nechita
and
J.
Pillet
,
Quantum Inf. Comput.
21
,
781
(
2021
).
67.
J.
Eisert
,
M.
Wilkens
, and
M.
Lewenstein
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
83
,
3077
(
1999
).
68.
F. S.
Khan
,
N.
Solmeyer
,
R.
Balu
, and
T. S.
Humble
,
Quantum Inf. Process.
17
,
309
(
2018
).
69.
70.
K.
Ikeda
,
Quantum Inf. Process.
19
,
331
(
2020
).
71.
A.
Deledicq
and
A.
Popova
,
Wari et Solo: Le Jeu de Calculs Africain
(
Cedic
,
1977
).
72.
A.
Sainte-Laguë
and
A.
Sainte-Laguë
,
Géométrie de Situation et Jeux
(
Gauthier-Villars
,
1929
).
73.
D. M.
Broline
and
D. E.
Loeb
, “
The combinatorics of mancala-type games: Ayo, Tchoukaitlon, and 1/pi
,” arXiv:math/9502225 (
1995
).
74.
B.
Jones
,
L.
Taalman
, and
A.
Tongen
,
Am. Math. Mon.
120
,
706
(
2013
).
75.
F.
Nohama
and
J.
Roversi
,
J. Mod. Opt.
54
,
1139
(
2007
).
76.
C.
Ogden
,
E.
Irish
, and
M.
Kim
,
Phys. Rev. A
78
,
063805
(
2008
).
77.
W.-L.
Ma
,
S.
Puri
,
R. J.
Schoelkopf
,
M. H.
Devoret
,
S. M.
Girvin
, and
L.
Jiang
,
Sci. Bull.
66
,
1789
(
2021
).
78.
H.
Gersch
and
G.
Knollman
,
Phys. Rev.
129
,
959
(
1963
).
80.
V. B.
Braginsky
,
Y. I.
Vorontsov
, and
K. S.
Thorne
,
Science
209
,
547
(
1980
).
81.
V.
Belavkin
and
P.
Staszewski
,
Phys. Rev. A
45
,
1347
(
1992
).
82.
I. B.
Mekhov
and
H.
Ritsch
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
102
,
020403
(
2009
).
83.
B.
Rogers
,
M.
Paternostro
,
J.
Sherson
, and
G.
De Chiara
,
Phys. Rev. A
90
,
043618
(
2014
).
84.
E.
Aarts
,
J.
Korst
, and
W.
Michiels
, “
Simulated annealing
,” in
Search Methodologies
(
Springer
,
2005
), pp.
187
210
.
85.
A.
Rai
,
G. S.
Agarwal
, and
J. H.
Perk
,
Phys. Rev. A
78
,
042304
(
2008
).
86.
B. H.
Korte
,
J.
Vygen
,
B.
Korte
, and
J.
Vygen
,
Combinatorial Optimization
(
Springer
,
2011
), Vol.
1
.
87.
J. R.
Johansson
,
P. D.
Nation
, and
F.
Nori
,
Comput. Phys. Commun.
183
,
1760
(
2012
).
88.
S.
Sternberg
,
Group Theory and Physics
(
Cambridge University Press
,
1995
).
You do not currently have access to this content.