Acoustical design of large multipurpose stadiums and arenas

The variety of events presented in modern sports arenas has created a situation where a range of optimal acoustical characteristics is expected. These requirements and potential acoustical design approaches will be discussed, taking into account the operational requirements of professional sports and large scale touring shows. A concept of local energy density is presented, which defines the relationship between loudness, reverberation, and liveliness with respect to various event types. The design approach is concerned with maximizing energy densities in spectator areas while achieving low overall reverberation time. Geometric and variable acoustical elements required to achieve the best relationships among loudness, reverberation, and speech intelligibility are described. The introduction of both house and touring sound systems to this environment is considered with regard to reverberation time, specular reflections, and speech intelligibility. The requirement for high SPL loudspeaker systems, including configuration, location, and operational flexibility are discussed. Examples of successful implementation of novel loudspeaker placement are shown. A process for predicting speech intelligibility of sound systems in very large spaces (domed stadiums), accounting for propagation losses, is presented.