Basin scale propagation modeling of MLS signals from the Kauai Beacon source Free

Long distance underwater acoustic propagation is of interest for a variety of applications including underwater navigation, yet modeling such propagation is challenging due to the large degree of environmental uncertainty. In this presentation, the propagation of 75Hz center frequency maximum length sequence (MLS) signals emitted from a submerged source near Kauai and received at various sites throughout the Pacific Ocean Basin is modeled with the Bellhop ray tracing [1] and Monterey-Newport Parabolic Equation [2] models. Sites such as the Monterey Accelerated Research System (MARS) observatory and the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Organization (CTBTO) hydroacoustic monitoring station near Wake Island are included in the discussion. The range-dependent environment is based on historical profiles from the World Ocean Atlas database and reanalysis data from the hybrid coordinate ocean model (HYCOM) [3]. Bathymetry profiles along the axis of propagation are interpolated from the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) 2021 database [4]. Simulated broadband channel impulse responses transmission loss levels in the modeled environment are compared to selected receptions of the signal at the hydrophone sites. Additionally, fluctuations of the modeled transmission loss in the presence of an internal wave model [5] are discussed.