Interaction of vestibular, echolocation, and visual modalities guiding flight by the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus

The big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) is an aerial‐feeding insectivorous species that relies on echolocation to avoid obstacles and to detect flying insects. Spatial perception in the dark using echolocation challenges the vestibular system to function without substantial visual input for orientation. IR thermal video recordings show the complexity of bat flights in the field and suggest a highly dynamic role for the vestibular system in orientation and flight control. Laboratory studies of flight behavior under illuminated and dark conditions in both static and rotating obstacle tests were carried out while administering heavy water (D2O) to bats to impair their vestibular inputs. Eptesicus carried out complex maneuvers through both fixed arrays of wires and a rotating obstacle array using both vision and echolocation, or when guided by echolocation alone. When treated with D2O in combination with lack of visual cues, bats showed considerable decrements in performance. These data indicate that big brown bats use both vision and echolocation to provide spatial registration for head position information generated by the vestibular system.