The fundamental frequency (fo) is pivotal for quantifying vocal-fold characteristics. However, the accuracy of fo estimation in hoarse voices is notably low, and no definitive algorithm for fo estimation has been previously established. In this study, we introduce an algorithm named, “Spectral-based fo Estimator Emphasized by Domination and Sequence (SFEEDS),” which enhances the spectrum method and conducted comparative analyses with conventional estimation methods. We analyzed 454 voice samples and used conventional methods and SFEEDS to calculate fo. The ground truth of fo was determined as the lowest frequency within the most dominant harmonic complex observed on the spectrogram. Subsequently, we assessed the concordance between each fo-estimation method and the fo ground truth. We also examined the variations in the accuracy of these methods when analyzing speech with hoarseness. Regardless of hoarseness, the fo-estimation accuracy was significantly greater by SFEEDS than by conventional methods. Moreover, whereas the conventional methods impaired fo-estimation accuracy in samples with roughness, the SFEEDS algorithm was robust and significantly reduced subharmonic errors. The SFEEDS fo-estimation algorithm accurately estimated the fo of both normal and hoarse voices.
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